biology

1. which statements about resolution and magnification are correct?
[reson agieaton

a | the ability to distinguish between two the number of times larger an image is
separate objects that are very close compared with the real size of the object
together

b | the clarity of the image formed the power of the microscope to focus
by the microscope on very small objects

c | the number of times larger an image is the ability to distinguish between two
compared with the real size of the object | separate objects that are very close

together

d | the power of the microscope to focus the clarity of the image formed

on very small objects by the microscope

2 an eyepiece graticule has a scale with 100 divisions. a stage micrometer has a scale with
50 divisions, each of which is 0.040mm apart.
using a x40 objective lens, the whole length of this stage micrometer scale lines up with
15 divisions of the eyepiece graticule.
what is the actual length of the 100 division scale of the eyepiece graticule?
a 1.3mm b 13mm c 75um d 750um

3. aprokaryotic cell which is 11m in diameter, is magnified 50000 times in an electron micrograph.
what is the diameter of the cell in the electron micrograph?
a 5x10'mm
b 5x 10°mm
c 5x10'mm
d 5x 10?mm

4 asscientist carried out an experiment to separate cell structures in animal cells.
the cells were broken open to release the cell structures.
this extract was filtered into a centrifuge tube and then spun in a centrifuge. the heaviest cell
structure sank to the bottom forming pellet 1, as shown in the diagram.
liquid above
pellet
pellet 1
the liquid above pellet 1 was poured into a clean centrifuge tube and spun in the centrifuge at a
higher speed to separate the next heaviest cell structure. this cell structure sank to the bottom,
forming pellet 2.
this procedure was repeated twice more to obtain pellet 3 and pellet 4, each containing a single
type of cell structure.
which row shows the order in which the cell structures were collected?
pellet 1 pellet 2 pellet 3 pellet 4
a nucleus lysosomes mitochondria ribosomes
b nucleus mitochondria lysosomes ribosomes
cc ribosomes lysosomes mitochondria nucleus
d ribosomes mitochondria lysosomes nucleus

5 radioactively-labelled nucleotides are introduced into a cell.
1
lp tit, <a) v)
oe <p
nf j ey
} 3
a pal 2 4
lbb
os
°
lo) 8
0 0
in which cell structures will the radioactivity first become concentrated?
a iand2 b 1and4 c 2and3 d 3and4

6 what is the general formula for amylose?
a (csh1005)n b  (cs5h100¢)n c  (ceh1005)n d  (c6h1206)n

7 the diagram shows relationships between some important molecules and bonds.
1
peptide
triglyceride cellulose
vegetable oil amylopectin
what is represented by circles numbered 1, 2 and 3?
ee
a _ | bonds formed carbohydrates lipids
by condensation
b_ | bonds formed lipids carbohydrates
by condensation
c_ | bonds formed carbohydrates lipids
by hydrolysis
d | bonds formed lipids carbohydrates
by hydrolysis

8 in unsaturated lipid molecules, where are double bonds located?
a between fatty acids and glycerol
b_ within fatty acids and within glycerol
c_ within fatty acids only
d_ within glycerol only

9 phospholipids and triglycerides are important biological molecules.
which properties are correct for these molecules?
[vorpal [pari ronnabe

a phospholipid phospholipid
b phospholipid triglyceride
cc triglyceride phospholipid
d triglyceride triglyceride

10 the diagrams show two arrangements of amino acids in a protein.
gs
ae: a,
ee
smile
<> fe
which row correctly names the bonds at s or t?

a absent s and t

b s only t only

cc s and t absent

d t only s and t

11 students were asked to highlight only the r groups of two ring-shaped amino acids.
which pair of diagrams are correct for both amino acids?
h
h
o
|_4 | 4°
h,n fa h.n'—g— c7
a | | | so
fe h.c ch,
| ze ch,
cnh?
h
h
[e)
| 4 i
h,n*—c—c : za
ne een gg
° te ee
i” h.c ch
| ‘ec at ih
a ch,
c—nh*
h
h
{e)
| 4 ee
h,n*—#63—c ry a
ka fe —c — fe
fe: | [e) | | no
me h.c ch,
ae ng
c—nh*
h
h
o
| za |
h,n*—-c—c : “a
sa. h,n*—c—c.
° =a lg?
7 ele wc
|_ x sa
c—nh* ;

12 which words from the table correctly complete the paragraph about enzymes?
when the ph of an environment is decreased below the optimum ph of an enzyme, ......1......
bonds between adjacent ......2...... groups, holding the ......3...... structure, are disrupted.
a ee
a hydrogen and ionic r tertiary
b hydrogen hydroxyl secondary
cc ionic and peptide r primary and tertiary
d peptide amine primary

13 the effect of substrate concentration on an enzyme-catalysed reaction was measured in three
different conditions:
e with no inhibitor
e with a competitive inhibitor
e with a non-competitive inhibitor.
the graph shows the results.
enzyme with
no inhibitor
inhibitor x
rate of
reaction
inhibitor y
0
0 substrate concentration
which statement is correct?
a xisacompetitive inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site of the enzyme.
b= xis anon-competitive inhibitor which has a similar shape to the active site of the enzyme.
c y is acompetitive inhibitor which has a similar shape to the active site of the enzyme.
dy is anon-competitive inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site of the enzyme.

14 which statements about the cell surface membrane are correct?

1 channel proteins allow water soluble ions and molecules across the membrane.
2 glucose can pass into the cell via carrier proteins.
3 oxygen passes freely through the membrane as it is soluble in lipids.
4 some glycoproteins act as antigens.

a 1,2,3and4

b 1,3 and 4 only

c 1 and 2 only

d 2,3 and 4 only

15 which of these features increase the efficiency of ion uptake by a root hair cell?
1 many mitochondria in the cell
2 high concentration of ions in the vacuole
3. protein carriers in the cell surface membrane
a 1,2and3 b 1tand3only c 1 only d 2and 3 only

16 vwvnat can increase the tiulaity of the cell surface membrane at low temperatures?
1 double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains
2 cholesterol
3 fatty acids having shorter chains
a 1,2and3 b 1and3only c 1 only d = 2and3 only

17 the diagrams show the shape and size of two types of cell.
@
(0 0
) 0 50 um
0) © 45 um
0 0
© 0
s ay a
~——, 10 um —, sum
10um 10um
palisade mesophyll cell columnar epithelial cell
surface area = 2200 um? volume = 2250 um?
which statement is correct about the palisade cell and epithelial cell shown in the diagrams?
a_ an increase in surface area reduces the distance for gases to reach the centre of the cell.
b the surface area of the palisade mesophyll cell is 500um* greater than the columnar
epithelial cell.
c_ the surface area to volume ratio is greater in the columnar epithelial cell than the palisade
mesophyll cell.
d the volume of the palisade mesophyll cell is 2500 m* greater than that of the columnar
epithelial cell.

18 a student observed the cells in the growing region (meristem) of an onion root and obtained the
data shown.
interphase 886
prophase 73
metaphase 16
anaphase 14
telophase a
which percentage of cells contains chromosomes that appear as two chromatids?
a 7.3 b 8.9 c 95.9 d 97.5

19 which of these events are part of mitosis?
1 interphase
2 telophase
3 cytokinesis
a 1,2and3 b 1and3only c 1 only d = 2only

20 during which phase of the cell cycle does dna replication take place?
a g b g cc m ds

21. which row is correct for guanine?
has a joins its
double ring is a purine complementary base with
structure three hydrogen bonds
a v jv j key
b v x v /¥ = correct
cc x v x x = incorrect
d x x v

22 meselsohn and stahl investigated dna in bacteria. they grew bacteria in a medium with only
heavy nitrogen, ‘°n, until all of the bacterial dna was heavy.
these bacteria were moved from a heavy nitrogen medium and cultured in a medium with only
light nitrogen, “n.
a sample of bacteria was collected from the first generation in the medium containing light
nitrogen and their dna was analysed.
hybrid dna contains both heavy and light dna.
which row shows the percentage of heavy dna strands and the percentage of hybrid dna
molecules in the first generation produced in the medium containing light nitrogen?
percentage of heavy | percentage of hybrid
dna strands dna molecules
a 25 50
b 50 50
cc 50 100
d 75 100

23 which is the correct dna triplet on the original dna template that codes for the amino acid
histidine (his)?
ala cgu
his gua
ser uca
a cau b cgt c gta d gua

24 the photomicrograph shows tissues in a stained transverse section of a plant stem.
(awa * og
j@ts ze
_f- @ ow sp s ¥)
ondors x4
) be fes 2 o.seur ar >= \
7 0470 8a ry vx 9.°@
os 0 gut oensee aw.
a qeo7 eeu it > —
ey 7g) eosssceo
re wy st onensinnver op
\ af @,2° laure 20, @ 9d a j
° a? '@ go r@er%ee @ >
a a cente 2 (e os)
1s “cdr .
0 leese | yy
nn eee @
re tos
ds aye
cyt > a a :
students are asked to draw four adjacent xylem vessel elements.
which drawing, all drawn to the same scale, is correct?
a b cc d
© v
00  gqs cg
o ljp

25 what is a function of the hairs (trichomes) on xerophytic leaves?
a adding a waterproof layer
b protecting the stomata
c_ reducing the surface area
d trapping a layer of moist air

26 which features of companion cells are essential to their function?
1 they are connected by plasmadesmata to the sieve tube elements.
2 they have a thinner cell wall than a sieve tube element.
3 they contain a nucleus and mitochondria.
a 1,2and3 b 1tand2only c 1and3only d = 2and3only

27 the photomicrograph shows a human blood smear.
os, ox
i
which row identifies the labelled cells?
pf ot 2
a lymphocyte monocyte neutrophil
b lymphocyte neutrophil monocyte
cc monocyte lymphocyte neutrophil
d monocyte neutrophil lymphocyte

28 the diagram shows the changes in electrical activity in the heart muscle during one cardiac cycle.
this is called an electrocardiograph (ecg).
sinoatrial node
stimulated
os
stimulates
ventricular
systole
which electrocardiogram shows a rate of 75 beats per minute?
a b
pt tt ttt ttt ttt tt ttt tty [tt tt ttt ttt ttt tt tt tty
ptt ttt try yr ry er tn a te i ei a pe i]
see eee eee eee eee ee ee
2 eee eee se ee ee ee ee
rit tt avalon nta anca aca an
ly sey iy ep tos prt pp pe
prp pe pree | pre pprrreeee
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
time/s time/s
cc d
ptt ttt ttt trt tt ttt tt ptt tt ttt ttt ttt ttt tt
lette tet party ry ptt tt pry yr ree
se ee ee ee i sp eee ee ee ee ee
citi ier st ges pe ae ae ae
ay pry ans pany faa pav2n plant fann wv noaa ea aip ea
a fd ptt rrr rye ry ee
prp pe pp pre preee |
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
time/s time/s

29 which effect could be due to a reduced concentration of carbonic anhydrase?
a carbaminohaemoglobin concentrations will decrease.
b_ less oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin for active tissues.
c_ the ph of the blood will be lowered.
d_ the rate of dissociation of carbonic acid is increased.

30 which statement correctly compares blood plasma and tissue fluid in a healthy person?
a_ blood plasma contains more protein than tissue fluid.
b__both blood plasma and tissue fluid contain red blood cells.
c_ tissue fluid contains white blood cells whereas blood plasma does not.
d_ tissue fluid is formed from blood plasma and is not returned to blood plasma.

31 the diagram shows three features found in tissues of the gas exchange system.
ciliated goblet
epithelium cells

which tubes of the gas exchange system could be represented at position p in the diagram?
| tronehus [broncos [vache |

a v jv v key

b jv v x v=yes

cc v x v x =no

d x v v

32 the diagram shows a magnified section of part of the lungs containing specialised tissues.
1
0)
2
hi :
za
6
which row is correct for structures labelled 1 to 6?
contains high proportion of
carbonic olf

a 1 8 4
b 2 4 5
cc 3 5 6
d 4 6 1

33 a short-term effect of smoking is a decreased blood supply to the fingers and toes.
which component of cigarette smoke causes this effect?
a carbon monoxide
b_carcinogens
c nicotine
d tar

34 the symptoms of two diseases are listed.
coughing up blood shortness of breath
pain when breathing difficulty breathing out
loss of weight fatigue
which row identifies diseases 1 and 2?
([aiseasot [ease 2 |
a chronic bronchitis emphysema
b emphysema lung cancer
cc lung cancer chronic bronchitis
d lung cancer emphysema

35 which statements about a non-infectious disease may be correct?
1 it can result from a mutation.
2 it can be transmitted by an insect vector.
3. it can be transmitted from mother to child.
a 1,2and3 b 1tand2only c 1and3only d = 2and3 only

36 the diagram shows one way of testing the effect of an antibiotic on bacteria.
colonies of bacteria
. . — diameter of zone
petri dish with fon jo nps (2 2 n measured every
bacteria ao ae ee @- hg a aa cs) :
disc of filter paper nd et
soaked in antibiotic
the table shows the results of testing five different types of bacteria.
zones of less than 13.0mm show the presence of resistant bacteria.
type of diameter of zone/mm
1 24.1 21.9 19.0 17.6 14.3
2 18.6 15.4 12.2 9.0 2.0
3 17.9 12.8 12.4 414 10.9
4 19.4 15.3 13.2 8.1 2.0
5 22.0 21.0 20.5 20.4 20.4
which statement can be supported by this data?
a all the types of bacteria become resistant to antibiotics over time.
b_ only types 2, 3 and 4 of the bacteria show resistance to the antibiotic.
c_ the antibiotic can be used to treat types 1 and 3 only.
d_ type 5 of the bacteria can never become resistant to the antibiotic.

37 some animals have genes that code for small peptides called cathelicidins. these peptides kill a
wide range of bacteria by attaching to lipids in bacterial membranes, so weakening or disrupting
them.

scientists have produced a synthetic version of the cathelicidin that kills bacteria that are
resistant to a number of antibiotics such as tetracycline.
which pair of statements explain how this synthetic cathelicidin might help with the problem of
antibiotic resistance?
1 it is synthetic so bacteria can never become resistant to it.
2 it could be used instead of tetracycline, allowing tetracycline resistance to be
reduced.
3. the only way a bacterium could develop resistance to it is by altering all the lipids in
its membranes.
4 it could be used to kill multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria for which there is no
effective antibiotic.
a iand3 b 1and4 c 2and3 d 2and4

38 hybridomas are used as a basis for the production of large numbers of monoclonal antibodies.
which statement describes how hybridomas are made?
a fusing activated t-lymphocytes with cancer cells
b_ fusing b-lymphocytes with cancer cells
c_ fusing memory cells with cancer cells
d fusing t-lymphocytes with cancer cells

39 which statement about the properties of the antigen binding sites in antibody molecules is
correct?
a they are located on the light chains only.
b_ they have a hinge region to give flexibility for different antigens.
c_ they have binding sites for receptors on phagocytes.
d_ they have variable amino acid sequences for different antigens.

40 the statements describe ways in which different types of monoclonal antibodies can work.

1 binding to proteins on cell surfaces and triggering the immune system
2 _ blocking molecules on cell surfaces that inhibit t-cells
3. blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger cell division
4 _ blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger the immune response

which types of monoclonal antibody could be used to treat cancer?

a 1,2,3 and 4

b= 1, 2 and 3 only

c 1and4 only

d 2,3 and 4 only

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