biology

1 astudent made notes describing photomicrographs of four cells.
cell1 grey cytoplasm at edge of cell contains many black lines and spots. large white
area in centre of cell.
cell 2 grey cytoplasm contains many black lines and spots which fill the entire cell.
cell3 pale blue cytoplasm surrounds a single dark blue spot.
cell4 many green structures are enclosed within a rectangular shape with visible
boundaries.
which table identifies the type of cell and the type of microscope used to take each photograph?
a b
electron 1 2 electron 4 2
microscope microscope
; light 3 4 ; light 4 3
microscope microscope
cc d
electron 2 1 electron 2 1
microscope microscope
light 3 4 light 4 3
microscope microscope

2 the diagram shows a slide of a transverse section of a stem. this diagram is the same size as
the actual slide.
a student observed this slide using a light microscope at a magnification of x40. the student
made a plan drawing of the stem, which was 20cm in diameter.
the student labelled the plan ‘transverse section of a stem x40’.
which statement explains why this label is not correct?
a the actual size of the stem should have been checked using an eyepiece graticule.
b_ the actual size of the stem was smaller under low power.
c_ the image size in the drawing was larger than x40.
d_ the image size in the drawing was smaller than x40.

3 which cell structures may contain cisternae?
chloroplast enieaplesiile golgi body mitochondrion
reticulum
a v v v x
b v x x v
cc x v v x
d x v x v
key
v= may contain cisternae
x = does not contain cisternae

4 which row correctly describes the function of the cell structures?
smooth
lysosomes mitochondria endoplasmic golgi body
reticulum
a digestion of abundant in sites processing a stack of
unwanted of active transport of proteins flattened sacs
structures
b digestion of atp synthesis lipid production glycoprotein
unwanted production
structures
cc spherical sacs abundant in sites lipid production glycoprotein
containing of active transport production
hydrolytic enzymes
d spherical sacs atp synthesis glycoprotein lipid production
containing production
hydrolytic enzymes

6 which comparison of bacteria cell walls and plant cell walls is correct?
[| bestra twat | antcatwat
a made of a polymer of a-glucose made of cellulose
b made of a polymer of b-glucose made of a polymer of amino sugars
c | made of a polymer of amino sugars made of a polymer of a-glucose
d made of peptidoglycan made of a polymer of b-glucose

7 a glycosidic bond is broken and two monosaccharides are formed during a positive test for a
non-reducing sugar.
which row identifies the catalyst and reactants in this process?
a hydrochloric acid fructose and glucose
b hydrochloric acid sucrose and water
cc sucrase enzyme fructose and glucose
d sucrase enzyme sucrose and water

8 which pair of statements are correct?

a carbon and oxygen occur in a ratio of 2:1 in carbohydrates.
triglycerides are soluble in water.

b_ glycolipids are found in all cell surface membranes.
carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants.

c_ phospholipids all have two saturated hydrocarbon chains.
polysaccharides are polymers.

d_ water is released during the formation of a glycosidic bond.
phospholipids all have three ester bonds.

9 what is the general formula for cellulose?
a (csh1005)n b  (csh1006)n c  (c6h1005)n d  (c6h1206)n

10 a triglyceride consists of glycerol and three different fatty acids, linoleic acid (l), oleic acid (o)

and palmitic acid (p).
the diagram shows one possible arrangement of the fatty acids l, o and p in the molecule.

l

onl = o

p
what is the total number of different arrangements of the fatty acids in this triglyceride?
a 3 b 4 c 5 d9

11. which statements about a peptide bond are correct?
1 it joins two monomers which are always identical to each other.
2 it contains four different atoms.
3 it can be broken by the addition of water at room temperature.
4 it is important in the primary structure of proteins.
a 1,2and3 b- 1and 3 only c 2,3and4 d 2and4 only

12 which statements about the primary structure of a protein are correct?
1 it may be branched.
2 it is determined by the sequence of dna bases.
3 it is unique to that protein.
4 it determines the tertiary structure of the protein.
a 1,2and3 b 1,2and4 c 1,3 and4 d 2,3 and4

13 a mutation occurred within the dna sequence coding for an enzyme, causing a decrease in the
rate of a reaction catalysed by this enzyme.
which statements could explain the decrease in the rate of reaction?
1 an inhibitor for this enzyme has an increased affinity for the enzyme and forms an
enzyme-—inhibitor complex more easily.
2 the active site of the enzyme might have changed shape and so is no longer
complementary.
3 the activation energy for the reaction with the mutated enzyme is greater than with
the non-mutated enzyme.
a 1,2and3 b 1tand2only c ‘1and3only d 2and3only

14 which row is correct for an enzyme with a low michaelis-menten constant?
[| seas [een
for substrate at maximum reaction rate
a high high
b high low
cc low high
d low low

15 the diagram shows a glycoprotein embedded in the cell surface membrane of a human red blood
cell. this glycoprotein is part of a system of cell surface blood group recognition sites.
key
x = carbohydrate
p
me surface
membrane
los
which row identifies the role of this glycoprotein and regions p and q of the molecule?
cae region p region q
glycoprotein 9 9
a antigen amino acids with amino acids with hydrophilic
hydrophobic r groups r groups in the cell’s cytoplasm
b carrier amino acids with amino acids with hydrophilic
hydrophilic r groups r groups in the cell’s cytoplasm
cc channel amino acids with amino acids with hydrophobic
hydrophilic r groups r groups outside the cell
d receptor amino acids with amino acids with hydrophobic
hydrophobic r groups r groups outside the cell

16 the diagram shows the transport of ions across the cell surface membrane. inside the cell there
is a low concentration of sodium ions (na*) and a high concentration of potassium ions (k’).
outside the cell there is a low concentration of k* and a high concentration of na”.

the carrier molecule is a pump which exchanges na* for k*.
inside cell
2
1
cell surface
membrane
4
carrier 3
oleclile outside cell
which ionic movements are represented by the arrows?
active transport | active transport diffusion diffusion
of k* of na* of na* of k*
a 2 3 1 4
b 2 3 4 1
cc 3 2 1 4
d 3 2 4 1

17 the indicator cresol red changes from red to yellow when put into an acid.
some blocks of agar containing cresol red were cut to different sizes and put in an acid. all other
variables were kept constant. the blocks were measured in mm.
which block became completely yellow most quickly?
a 3x30x30 b 6x6x6 c 6x12x12 d 12x12x12

18 when red blood cells are put into pure water they burst (haemolysis).

which statements explain this haemolysis?

1 the water potential of the surrounding liquid is lower than the water potential of the
contents of the red blood cell.

2 the cell surface membranes of red blood cells are not supported by cell walls.
3 more water moves into the red blood cells by osmosis than leaves the cells.
4 water enters the red blood cells by osmosis but does not leave the cells.

a 1and3 b 1and4 c 2and3 d 2and4

19 how many copies of each dna molecule will be found in a cell at each stage of the mitotic cell
cycle?
a 4 1
b 4 2
cc 2 1
d 2 2

20 which metabolic processes will be very active in a cell that has just completed cytokinesis?
1 atp formation
2 dna replication
3 protein synthesis
a 1,2and3 b 1tand3only c 2only d = 3only

21 a mutation occurs in a gene which prevents the production of telomerase.
what is the effect of this mutation if it occurs in bone marrow stem cells?
a _arapid increase in the production of lymphocytes
b  atumour grows in the bone marrow
c_ bone marrow stem cells eventually no longer divide
d the total blood cell count will be unchanged

22 what are the products when a dna molecule replicates?
a_ two molecules of dna each made of a paired sequence of bases
b_ two molecules of dna each made of a paired sequence of nucleotides
c_ two strands of dna each made of a paired sequence of bases
d_ two strands of dna each made of a paired sequence of nucleotides

23 following translation, the alpha polypeptide chain of haemoglobin, a-globin, undergoes
modification. during this modification, the first amino acid is removed, leaving 141 amino acid
residues.

how many nucleotides does the gene coding for a-globin contain?
a 141 b 142 c 423 d 426

24 which statements correctly describe transport pathways in dicotyledonous plants?
1 inthe apoplast pathway, water does not move through plasmodesmata.
2 inthe symplast pathway, water does not move through intercellular spaces.
3 the apoplast pathway may be blocked by the casparian strip.
a 1,2and3 b 1and2only c t1and3only d = 2and3only

25 the photomicrograph shows a transverse section through a root.
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poet tena: tntecees
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eee esr ses
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bay anit < @atmegeresmesterseree ere ge reber ata g te norse
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na b os autos carereneee goo stg so ee mee ak eere anata es ig zc:
lee se ta ian eseatees ewes
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vaio sha se cee e eee cg ce a apy
bao ss lra ash ceh acs se
hatong wh osc eca so atteaess esseree es es pp rry
| sers see te see or
mra ng ye cece key |
sols 33180 nexaeees@ avenger sete
what is the simplest ratio of the diameter of the root (excluding root hairs) to the diameter of the
vascular tissue and endodermis?
a 40mm:11mm
b 40:11
c 8cm:2.2cm
d 80:22
ee —= o— ee —>=éeeeee

26 which properties of water molecules are important in the upward tlow of water through xylem?
1 water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonding.
2 water molecules are attracted to cellulose by adhesion.
3 water molecules have high cohesion in water columns.
a 1,2and3 b 1tand2only c 1and3only d 2and3only

27 what is correct for a phloem sieve tube element that is unloading to a sink?
water potential of the oe
: lignification of
phloem sieve tube
the cell wall

element becomes
a less negative than sink absent
b less negative than sink present
cc more negative than sink absent
d more negative than sink present

28 which statement concerning transpiration is correct?

a ona humid day, the water potential gradient between the intercellular air space and the
external atmosphere increases to stimulate water loss by evaporation.

b water arriving at the spongy mesophyll cells via the symplast pathway must move by
osmosis through the cell surface membrane before evaporation from the surface of the cells.

c_ water diffuses down the water potential gradient from the saturated air space through the
guard cells before evaporating from the surface of the cells into the atmosphere.

d water moves up the xylem in the apoplast pathway and can continue on this pathway by
osmosis to reach the spongy mesophyll cells before evaporating into the intercellular air
space.

29 the diagram shows a section through the heart and the associated blood vessels.
za b 4
oa
4 sl)
sa) a?
ss x
|

what is correct for the flow of blood through the heart?
a 1525354
b 2>51>53 54
c 3>4>1>2
d 453>52->1

30 blood, tissue fluid and lymph each have a different composition.
which row shows the composition of lymph?
[ [water [antbeies [in|
a v v v key
b v v x v = present
cc v x v x = absent
d x jv jv

31 which row shows the change in concentration of some substances in red blood cells when
carbon dioxide diffuses from active cells?
carbonic hydrogencarbonate hydrogen
anhydrase ions ions
a decreases no change no change
b increases increases increases
c no change decreases increases
d no change increases increases
a

32 the diagram shows the pressure changes in various structures of the left side of the heart during
the cardiac cycle.
at the end of which period is the ventricle full of blood?
a, b cc d
aw
y \
y \
|
q \
\
\
pressure j ! key
/kpa | \ -—-—-—- left ventricle
i ' ——— aorta
i | scroreeoeoes left atrium
| \
| \
0 a ws =
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time/s

33 the photomicrographs show a cross-section through the lining of part of the respiratory system.
r pak —s ap na “bai read be nn ete seeiry ee
dion: e pee eo wiht rci ny tain at tn)
oi pe pa\ be ie anism nigh li
oe e cea oe & wd) laat, 4 j
a fi mn ee ns ||| rig mt papas
co a ee es f ‘ ioe g i 3
rccheiund vick ts oa ata nuch aa ae gs , i eae ef be, pe!
vee: yeh oe ad 28: ier ne y ie) titi ‘ fj sf
bo ee pd: heen tes ve ee can eae ‘a se es fie,
siete | ha cae! | wn) ae ai ae oc: ae mi» fees) es a <a ey
0) 6 wee ghee) wss. ie mea ede ea wey | ae \/ ah
se el, care rcran et re an pi. pe ey | 4 bt
ca) ei, gre ir aer mena y} a a
le ae sn call ele su i aah es eee a) jin eeueieye 3 gage [gee ge |
which statements are correct?
1 goblet cells are visible between squamous epithelium cells.
2 smooth muscle is visible.
3. the section cannot be from a bronchiole as cartilage is visible.
a 1,2and3 b jiand2only c 1and3only d 2and3only

34 in the lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through cell surface membranes by diffusion.
which row is correct?
number of cell surface membranes diffused through by
a 3 2
b 3 20r3
cc 5 4
d 5 4or5

35 which flow diagram correctly describes the effect of tar entering the lungs?
carcinogens
a come into mutation uncontrolled
contact with = occurs cell division
dna
mucus
goblet cells accumulates phagocytes
b secrete more > 5 > attracted by
causing ; :
mucus . 4 inflammation
infection
mucus phagocytes elastase
cc accumulates — attractedby -— destroys the
causing infection inflammation alveolar walls
phagocytes causes
d mutation occurs -—  attractedby -— _ irritation and
inflammation coughing

36 which list contains only infectious diseases?
a cholera, hiv/aids, lung cancer and malaria
b_ cholera, malaria, tuberculosis (tb) and sickle cell anaemia
c_ hiv/aids, malaria, measles and tuberculosis (tb)
d_ lung cancer, measles, sickle cell anaemia and tuberculosis (tb)

37 which disease is caused by a eukaryote?
a cholera
b- malaria
c_ measles
d_ smallpox

38 a vaccine is available against most common strains of the influenza virus.
the virus that causes influenza often undergoes mutation in the gene coding for its antigenic
protein.
which statements explain why vaccinated people are not immune to a mutated influenza virus?
1 they will not have primary immune response to the mutated antigen.
2 they will not have a secondary immune response to the mutated antigen.
3. their memory cells do not recognise the mutated antigen.
a 1,2and3 b 1and2only c 1and3o0nly d 2and3only

39 which statements correctly describe lymphocytes?

1 each b-lymphocyte has the ability to make several types of antibody molecules.
2 some b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes become memory cells.
3 plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma.
4 some t-lymphocytes stimulate macrophages to kill infected cells.

a 1,2,3and4

b 1,2 and 3 only

c 1and4only

d 2,3 and 4 only

40 addison’s disease can occur when antibodies are produced in response to an enzyme found in
some organs of the body.
which statements correctly describe addison’s disease?
1 it is anon-infectious disease.
2 itis a type of auto-immune disease.
3 antibodies are produced against a self-antigen.
a 1,2and3 b 1and2only c 1and3only d = 2and3only

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