biology

1 the diagram shows a mitochondrion drawn from an electron micrograph.
y'
xx
the actual length of the mitochondrion, using the line x-y, is 3000 nm.
what is the magnification of the drawing of the mitochondrion?
a x100 b_ x1000 cc x10000 d  x100000

2 a specimen of plant tissue is observed twice with a microscope, firstly using red light with a

wavelength of 650nm and then using green light with a wavelength of 510 nm.
what happens to the magnification and resolution when using green light compared to red light?
[| meaniaton | resotton |

a decreases decreases

b increases increases

cc remains the same decreases

d remains the same increases

3 the electron micrograph shows a structure found in the cytoplasm of an animal cell.

ee i a
a ee
ee oe cpt
pe eae
poe. ee ig
ge: ee % © eae
se ae a
eas dice ere or

what is this cell structure?

a centriole

b_ lysosome

c_ ribosome

d vesicle

4 which cell structures contain nucleic acid?
1 golgi body
2 lysosome
3 mitochondria
4 ribosomes
a 1,2and3 b 1,2and4 c 1and4 only d 3and4

5 which statements about mitochondria, chloroplasts or prokaryotes are correct?

1 mitochondria and chloroplasts have a fully permeable inner membrane and a
partially permeable outer membrane.

2 prokaryotes and chloroplasts have 70s ribosomes that are the sites for translation
and polypeptide synthesis.

3. prokaryotes and mitochondria have an outer membrane and an inner, folded
membrane where atp synthesis occurs.

4  prokaryotes and mitochondria have circular dna where genes coding for
information are located.

a 1,2and3 b 1,2and4 c 1and3 only d 2and 4 only

6 the very large (1000nm) pandora viruses found in chile and australia are considered to be
viruses because they cannot replicate their own genome and cannot make proteins.
they also share essential structural features with other viruses.
what are the essential structural features of viruses?
1 non-cellular
2 protein coat
3 both dna and rna
4 either dna or rna
a 1,2and3 b 1,2and4 c 1and3 only d 2and 4 only

7 asample of food was heated with benedict's solution which changed colour to green.
a second sample of the same food was boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid and neutralised using
sodium hydrogencarbonate. it was then heated with benedict’s solution which changed colour to
red.
what did these results show?
glucose present
reducing '¢ non-reducing
sugar present \</ sugar present

8 which pair of molecules only includes macromolecules that can be found in animal cells?
a amylase and amylopectin
b_ collagen and glycogen
c_ deoxyribose and starch
d_ sucrose and haemoglobin

9 homogalacturonan is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

the diagram shows a molecule of the monomer used to form homogalacturonan.

co,h

ho = h
oh h
h oh

h oh
a student studied the structure of this monomer and compared it with the structure of the
monomer used to form cellulose.
which carbon atoms in the monomer in the diagram have hydroxyl groups arranged in different
positions to those found in the cellulose monomer?
a carbon one and carbon four
b_ carbon one only
c_ carbon three and carbon four
d_ carbon three only

10 which statement is correct for triglycerides and phospholipids?
a aphosphate group is joined to a glycerol molecule.
b_ hydrocarbon chains may be saturated or unsaturated.
c_ they are polar molecules.
d_ they contain three ester bonds.

11. which description of collagen is correct?

a a collagen molecule consists of three polypeptide chains, each in the shape of a helix. the
three chains are wound together into a triple helix called a fibre.

b- accollagen molecule consists of three polypeptide chains, each of which is an a-helix. the
three chains are wound tightly together into a triple helix. many of these triple helices bind
together as a fibre.

c a collagen molecule consists of three polypeptide chains wound tightly into a triple helix
called a fibre.

d a collagen molecule consists of three polypeptide chains in which every third amino acid is
glycine. the three polypeptides are wound tightly together into a triple helix. many of these
helices form a fibre.

12 ina healthy human, the mean value for the number of haemoglobin molecules in one red blood
cell is 260 million.
how many a-globin chains does one red blood cell contain in a healthy human?
a 13x 10° b 2.6 x 10° c 5.2x 10° d 1.04 x 10°

13 which statements about a peptide bond are correct?
1 it joins two monomers which are always identical to each other.
2 it contains four different atoms.
3. it can be broken by the addition of water at room temperature.
4 it is important in the primary structure of proteins.
a 1,2and3 b- 1and 3 only c 2,3 and4 d 2and 4 only

14 which graph correctly shows the activation energy of a reaction when an enzyme is added?
a b
activation activation
energy no enzyme energy ~< no enzyme
enzyme
[toa a «a
pr \ ‘a sa
energy nerrecsenescoey omccunoes lt energy -p products
\ /
\ y
seema een reactants _-------------------- reactants
progress of reaction progress of reaction
cc d
activation activation
energy no enzyme energy no enzyme
enzyme
its me enzyme
/ \ peo
energy se ee reactants energy fn non \ enna reactants
/ \
uy \
a. -------------------- products eo eoee e+ -----+----3 products
progress of reaction progress of reaction

15 the enzyme lactase is found in the membranes of epithelial cells lining the small intestine.
the enzyme is formed by a single polypeptide that folds to give three regions.
e an active site with the free amino group outside the cell

e ashort section inside the membrane
e ashort section inside the cell
what type of amino acid would be found in each of the three regions?
[fomewee| sce [ a
a hydrophilic hydrophobic hydrophilic
b hydrophilic hydrophobic hydrophobic
c hydrophobic hydrophilic hydrophobic
d hydrophobic hydrophobic hydrophilic

16 a student wrote three statements about cell signalling.
1 asignal chemical always has the same shape as a protein receptor on a target cell.
2  anincrease in temperature may decrease the effect of cell to cell signalling.
3 a mutation may decrease production of active protein receptors for the cell surface
membrane.
which statements are correct?
a 1,2and3 b 1and3only c_  1only d 2and 3 only

1/ at whicn stages of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids that are held together
by a centromere?
a_ anaphase and telophase
b_ anaphase and prophase
c metaphase and prophase
d_ metaphase and telophase

18 the jellyfish, turritopsis dohrnii, is described as being immortal. if t. dohrnii is not eaten by
predators or diseased, it seems to be able to live forever. there is no way to determine the
biological age of a t. dohrnii individual.

which feature of the cells in t. dohrnii could explain these observations?
a very long g phases in the cell cycle

b avery short s phase in the cell cycle

can ability to restore telomeres to their original length

d fewer chromosomes than other eukaryotic organisms

19 some chemicals, used to stop tumour growth, work by preventing the dna double helix from
uncoiling and separating.
during which stage of the cell cycle would they act?
a anaphase
b interphase
c metaphase
d_ prophase

20 four nucleotides, a, b, c and d, each consist of three phosphate groups, a nitrogenous base
and a pentose sugar. characteristics of the base and sugar components before they are joined to
form each nucleotide are shown in the table.

which nucleotide could pair with an adenine base during dna replication?
' ratio of carbon to
ring structure of :
‘ oxygen atoms in
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
a double p fea
b double 5:4
cc single seul
d single 5:4

21 the statements describe the process of translation.

1 a peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids.
2 hydrogen bonds form between the anticodon and the codon.
3 mrna binds to the ribosome.
4 trna enters the ribosome carrying a specific amino acid.

in which order does this process take place?

a 3>52>1>4

b 3545251

c 4525153

d 4523-1

22 the sequence of amino acids in a section of a polypeptide is:
... histidine—proline—aspartic acid—leucine...
aspartic acid cta ctg
histidine gta gtg
leucine gat gac
proline gga ggg
what is a correct sequence of mrna codons for this polypeptide section?
a_ ...cac ccc gaa cug...
b_ ...cau ccu gac cua...
c_ ...gta cca ctg gat...
d_ ...gua gga cug gau...

23 what contributes to the upward movement of water in a xylem vessel of a plant?
1 cohesion of water molecules by hydrogen bonding
2 adhesion of water molecules to the cellulose walls of xylem vessels by hydrogen
bonding
3 removal of water from xylem vessels in a leaf reduces the hydrostatic pressure in
the xylem
a 1,2and3 b 1tand2only c 1and3only d 2and3only

24 the diameter of a tree trunk usually decreases slightly during the day.
which changes in environmental factors during the day could cause the diameter to decrease
even more?
increased
light intensity
increased increased
wind speed temperature

25 the diagram shows a transverse section of a stem.
which area is the phloem?
7 : ‘ b oo ab 2am. f ‘ “tst ae wa
py bene aes a te ee sg :
3, 5 a hae ¢e. a, 5 ate ety rt ek
od @ cote i! ee me mas ce
ge@~ 2: ld po hyp sees te et, aa ea
cs {44 "oe se" as orate tease se we, g
ia; ®e aa" as re 7 ee nee
oos © bbs fear. pe a bie e a
g0>,--ss se ra ee eee ok le)
. pes ls oes
® lo vea ae! sais ky seater sae? fae
_e@ 0 0 oe eee tie an 8
yy ope oak ape t s20 bes west niet 6:
ae 5 ms eee ae sate eras 4 a
t + = * . oe bee \ be , m * or oe . +
. oo ie ee es te,
%, % ee “ xo gree gantt rgs. :
..” *" ‘ @* pd 3 ft nat as ie
bs " a ad ere, as. q
™ + a ng rs yy |
. se =e - = z a ee se ;
d cc b

26 the diagram shows a xerophytic leaf in different conditions, p and q.
y
p q
which statements describe the difference between the cells in layer y in conditions p and q?
1 more negative water potential in p than q
2 more cells plasmolysed in p
3 cells less turgid in q
4 water potential becomes zero in q
a 1,2and3 b- 1and 2 only c 2and4 d 3and4

2/ ditterent substances, such as sucrose and amino acids, can move in different directions in the

phloem sieve tube elements.

which statement explains this?

a active transport occurs in some phloem sieve tube elements and mass flow occurs in other
sieve tube elements.

b_ both active transport and mass flow occur in each individual phloem sieve tube element.

c_ mass flow occurs in both directions at the same time in each individual phloem sieve tube
element.

d_ mass flow occurs in different directions in different phloem sieve tube elements at the same
time.

28 the statements list some of the events in a cardiac cycle. the statements are not in the correct

order.

which statement describes the fourth of these events to occur in the cardiac cycle?
1 the impulse travels through purkyne tissue.
2  awave of excitation sweeps across the atria.
3. the atrioventricular node delays the impulse for a fraction of a second.
4 the sinoatrial node contracts.
5 the wave of excitation sweeps upwards from the base of the ventricles.
6 the ventricles contract.
7 ‘the atria contract.

a 1 b 3 cc 4 d7

29 which row correctly identifies components of both lymph and tissue fluid?
[omen [et | rp |e
blood cells ions blood cells
a v v v v key
b v x v jv v¥ = component present
cc x v x x x = component not present
d x x v v

30 which row is correct for the mean blood pressure in different parts of the human circulatory
system?
mean blood pressure
right artery in vein in capillary

atrium arm arm in arm key
a + +444 ++ +++ ++++ highest mean blood pressure
b ++ +++ +++ + +++
cc +++ ++ +4++ + ++
d +h gas + + i lowest mean blood pressure

31. which mechanism accounts for the way most of the carbon dioxide is transported in blood?
a_ carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma and is carried in solution.
b_ carbon dioxide is converted to carbaminohaemoglobin inside red blood cells.
c carbon dioxide is converted to carboxyhaemoglobin inside red blood cells.
d carbon dioxide is converted to hydrogencarbonate ions inside red blood cells.

32 the graph shows the dissociation curves for haemoglobin at two different partial pressures of
carbon dioxide.
at which position on the graph, a, b, c, or d, is the concentration of haemoglobinic acid lowest in
red blood cells?
low carbon dioxide
partial pressure
cc
d
percentage saturation of ; .
haemoglobin with oxygen high carbon dioxide
partial pressure
a
b
partial pressure of oxygen/kpa

33 the table shows the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen in two blood vessels.
partial pressure of partial pressure of
gas in pulmonary gas in pulmonary
artery/kpa vein/kpa
carbon dioxide 6 5
oxygen 5 15
what explains the difference in the partial pressures of oxygen in the pulmonary artery and
pulmonary vein?
a oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries.
b_ carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries.
c oxygen diffuses from the body cells into the blood in the capillaries.
d carbon dioxide diffuses into the body cells from the blood in the capillaries.

34 which graph shows the effect of carbon monoxide on the percentage saturation of haemoglobin
with oxygen?
a b

percentage percentage aw
saturation of tea ertones saturation of /
haemoglobin | “77 haemoglobin |;
with oxygen | / with oxygen | key

! l — = without

z ie carbon

partial pressure partial pressure monoxide
of oxygen of oxygen .
----+ = with
carbon
c d monoxide
percentage oe percentage i
saturation of a saturation of h
haemoglobin : haemoglobin 1
with oxygen fj with oxygen |
partial pressure partial pressure
of oxygen of oxygen

35 which row shows the correct methods of transmission of the named pathogens?
| cere este | ae
a morbillivirus mycobacterium vibrio
b mycobacterium plasmodium vibrio
cc plasmodium vibrio morbillivirus
d vibrio plasmodium mycobacterium

36 which disease is caused by a eukaryote?
a cholera
b~ malaria
c_ measles
d_ smallpox

37 what is the initial mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
a genetic mutation
b_ overuse of antibiotics
c natural selection
d patients not finishing a course of antibiotics

38 what are functions of t-lymphocytes?
1 production of cytokines
2. production of toxins
3. recognition of an antigen bound to an antigen-presenting cell
a 1,2and3 b 1and2only c 1and3only d = 2and3only

39 what is correct about the role of memory cells in long-term immunity?

1 they divide to form plasma cells and memory cells when the pathogen enters the
body a second time.

2 they produce a fast response so that the person infected with the pathogen does
not become ill again.

3 they produce more antibodies than were produced during the primary immune
response.

4 they remain in the blood and lymphatic system after the pathogen has been
destroyed.

a 1,2 and3 b 1,2and4 c 1and3only d 2and 4 only

40 which events result in a person developing actively acquired immunity?
1 becoming infected by tb bacteria
2. drinking breast milk
3. receiving an injection of antigens
4 receiving an injection of antibodies
a 1,2and3 b 1,3and4 c 1and3 only d 2and4

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