chemistry

1 the first ionisation energy of potassium, k, is 418kjmol. the first ionisation energy of

strontium, sr, is 548 kj mol’.

which statement helps to explain why sr has a greater first ionisation energy than k?

a_ the charge on a sr nucleus is greater than the charge on a k nucleus.

b_ the outer electron in a sr atom experiences greater shielding than the outer electron in a k
atom.

c_ the outer electron in a sr atom experiences spin-pair repulsion.

d_ the outer electron in a sr atom is further from the nucleus than the outer electron in a k
atom.

—e.. nnn ene eee. ae nnn eee nr

2 what is the electronic configuration of mg*"?
a 1s? 2s? 2p®
b_ 1s” 2s? 2p® 3s?
c 1s? 2s? 2p® 3s? 3p?
d 1s? 2s? 2p® 3s? 3p® 3d? 4s”

3 compound x contains the elements c, h and o only.
2.00 g of x produces 4.00 g of carbon dioxide and 1.63 g of water when completely combusted.
what is the empirical formula of x?
a cho, b  c2h2,0 c c2h,o d ch202

4  forwhich molecule is the dipole moment zero?
a chcl b ch,cl, c chcl; d ccl,

5 which dot-and-cross diagram is correct for al2cl,.?
a b
5 oo
cy =
2 ¢ 6 oo x = electrons from al
© (or © = electrons from cl
oo o o
o 1@) @) @)
oo lp
o oo.
ogg
o o q o
oo oo
o
()
oo
cc d
oo. oo oo.
@ oo
o o qo o o @)
oo o o
oo oo oo. oo.
goommcoog
o o o oo 1@) q qo oo
oo <p o oo oo
o oo. oo o
xq oes
o o 1@) '@) oq oo @) 1@)
oo oo oo oo
o
©
qo 1@)
oo

6 the boiling points of some hydrogen halides are shown.
h-cl 188
h-br 206
h-i 238
what is the explanation for the trend in boiling point for the hydrogen halides from hcl to hi?
a_ the bond energies of the hydrogen halides increase from hc/ to hi.
b_ there is an increase in the strength of the intermolecular forces of attraction from hc/ to hi.
c_ the intermolecular hydrogen bonds become stronger from hc/ to hi.
d_ there is an increase in the bond polarity from hc/ to hi.

7 elements x, y and z are all in the first two periods of the periodic table.
their pauling electronegativity values, ey, are shown.
x 1.0
y 2.1
z 4.0
substances exist with formulae xz, yz and zo.
which row puts these substances in order of increasing melting point?
lowest highest
| naan tt |
a xz yz zo
b xz zo yz
cc zo yz xz
d zo xz yz

8 the equation for reaction 1 is shown.
reaction 1 ceh1206 > 2co2 + 2c2hs5oh
ana
ine
c2hs0h
what is the correct expression for the enthalpy change of reaction 1?
a atb b a-b c a+2b d a-2b

9 nitrogen monoxide is an atmospheric pollutant that is formed inside car engines by an
endothermic reaction between nitrogen and oxygen.
n2(g) + o2(g) > 2no(g)
which diagram correctly represents the energy profile for this reaction?
a b
products products
e e,
energy | reactants j |? [ah energy | reactants j |? {ah
0 0
0 progress of 0 progress of
reaction reaction
cc d
reactants / |e; reactants / |e)
energy ah products energy ah products
0 0
0 progress of 0 progress of
reaction reaction

10 iwo hali-equations are shown.
mno, + 2h20 + 3e —» mno, + 4oh™
20h + so3*7 > so? + ho + 2e
the equation for the reaction between manganate(vii) ions and sulfite ions is shown.
umno, + vh2o + wso3* — xmnoz + yso47 + zoh™

which statements are correct?

1 uu=x=zzz

2 manganese is reduced to oxidation state +4.

3. sulfur is oxidised from oxidation state +4 to +6.
a 1,2and3 b 1and2only c 1and3only d = 2and3only

11 hydrogen peroxide, h2o2, decomposes to form water and oxygen.
the reaction is catalysed by bromide ions.
step 1  2br-(aq) + h20.(aq) + 2h*(aq) > 2h2o(i) + bro(aq)
step 2. h202(aq) + bro(aq) > 2br-(aq) + 2h*(aq) + o2(g)
which row is correct?
type of catalyst in step 1
a heterogeneous bromide ions are oxidised
b heterogeneous bromide ions are reduced
cc homogeneous bromide ions are oxidised
d homogeneous bromide ions are reduced

12 wyadrogen and iodine react to form hydrogen iodide in an exothermic reaction. [he equation is
shown.
h2(g) + ig) = 2hi(g)
a 1m* reaction vessel contains hz, i, and hi gases at equilibrium. the temperature is changed
such that the total pressure in the 1m* vessel doubles.
what is the effect on the value of k, and on the position of equilibrium?
effect on the effect on the
value of k, position of equilibrium
a decreases moves left
b increases moves right
cc no change moves left
d no change no change

13 diethylzinc, (c2hs)2zn, is added to naoh(aq). two reactions occur.
reaction 1 (cohs)oz2n + ho > zno + 2c2he
reaction 2 h2,0 + zno + 20h -> zn(oh)47-

in these reactions, which compounds act as bronsted—lowry acids?
[reason reaaton2 |

a (c2hs)2zn h20

b h20 h20

cc h,0 zno

d the reaction is not acid/base zno

14 which statement about atoms and molecules is correct?

a the molecular formula of a compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each
element in the compound.

b one mole of any substance contains 6 x 10*° atoms.

c_ the relative atomic mass of an element is the ratio of the average mass of one atom of the
element to the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

d_ the relative formula mass of a compound is the sum of the individual atomic masses of all
the atoms in the formula.

15 the boltzmann distribution for one mole of a gas at temperature t is shown.
number of
particles with
energy, e
0
0 energy, e
one mole of the same gas is added, and the gas remains at temperature t.
which dotted curve shows the distribution with the added gas?
a b
number of ; % number of
particles with a ne particles with
energy, e i ye energy, e ee sy,
0 — of —
0 energy, e 0 energy, e
cc d
numberof |! + number of
particles with h ‘ particles with gusts
energy,e {ft he energy, e wo aes
0 se of =
0 energy, e 0 energy, e

16 in the reaction shown, the concentrations of both x and y are reduced to half of their original
values whilst keeping the total volume of the solution constant.
x(aq) + y(aq) > xy(aq)
simultaneously the temperature is increased from 298 k to 348 k.
which prediction is definitely true?
a asmaller proportion of collisions between particles of x and particles of y will be successful.
b_ the average kinetic energy of particles of x and particles of y will increase.
c_ the rate of the reaction will be unaffected.
d_ the frequency of collisions between particles of x and particles of y will halve.

17 a student investigated the chloride of a period 3 element. this is what the student wrote down as
a record.
the compound was a white crystalline solid. it dissolved easily in water to
give a solution of ph 12. when placed in a test-tube and heated in a
roaring bunsen flame, the compound melted after several minutes heating.
what can be deduced from this record?
a atleast one of the recorded observations is incorrect.
b the compound was magnesium chloride, mgc lo.
c the compound was phosphorus pentachloride, pcls.
d the compound was sodium chloride, nacl

18 the elements in period 3 and their compounds show trends across the period from sodium to
chlorine.
which row is correct?
electronegativity acid/base behaviour of
of the elements the oxides of the elements
a decreases basic + amphoteric — acidic
b decreases acidic + amphoteric —> basic
cc increases basic + amphoteric — acidic
d increases acidic + amphoteric —> basic

19 the table shows the melting points of sioz and p4og.
melting point/k | 1883
which statement explains the difference between the melting points of sio2 and p,0¢?
a_ the bonding of the oxides changes from ionic to covalent.
b_ the metallic character of the elements decreases across period 3.
c_ the oxidation number of the element increases from si to p.
d_ the structure changes from giant molecular to simple molecular.

20 equal masses of caco3, ca(no3)2, baco3 and ba(nos)2 are thermally decomposed. the
volume of gas produced in each experiment is measured under the same conditions.
which compound will produce the greatest volume of gas?
a caco; b  ca(no3)2 c baco; d- ba(nos),

21 which row gives correct comparisons between the solubilities of calcium hydroxide and
barium hydroxide and the thermal stabilities of calcium carbonate and barium carbonate?
se

a higher lower higher lower
b higher lower lower higher
cc lower higher higher lower
d lower higher lower higher

22 which statement relating to the elements in group 17 and their compounds is correct?
a_ bromine will reduce ki to form iodine.
b __lodide ions react to form a white precipitate when added to silver nitrate solution.
c_ bromide ions react to form a white precipitate when added to silver nitrate solution.
d_ chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form a colourless gas.

23 an excess of chlorine was bubbled into 100 cm? of hot 6.0 mol dm~™ sodium hydroxide.
how many moles of sodium chloride would be produced in the reaction?
a 0.30 b 0.50 c 0.60 d 0.72

24 the product of the contact process is z.
which reaction or process leads to the formation of a gas that can neutralise an aqueous solution
of z?
a_ atmospheric lightning
b combustion of fuel in an internal combustion engine
c_ the haber process
d_ thermal decomposition of group 2 nitrates

25 when ammonia, nh3, is dissolved in water, a small concentration of ammonium ions, nh,’, is
formed.
which row is correct?
number of change of the h-n—h
electrons in one angle from ammonia
ammonium ion to the ammonium ion
a 8 decreases
b 8 increases
cc 10 decreases
d 10 increases

26 in this question, alkenes and cyclic alkanes should be considered.
how many structural isomers of c,h are there?
a 3 b 4 cc 5 d 6

27 which compound will decolourise br2(aq)?
a  ch3ch2ch2ch2ch2co2h
b  ch3ch2ch2ch2ch2cho
c chschchch2,ch2ch20h
d chsch2ch2co2ch2chs

28 alkenes react with aqueous hydrogen bromide. the reaction proceeds via an intermediate
carbocation. the more stable the intermediate, the faster the reaction.
which sequence correctly shows an increase in the speed of reaction of the alkenes with
hydrogen bromide?
a ethene, propene, 2-methylpropene
b  2-methylpropene, ethene, propene
c_propene, ethene, 2-methylpropene
d_propene, 2-methylpropene, ethene

29 a reaction occurs when a sample of 1-chloropropane is heated under reflux with

sodium hydroxide dissolved in ethanol.
which row is correct?
| | type of reaction name of product

a elimination propan-1-ol

b elimination propene

cc substitution propan-1-ol

d substitution propene

30 the diagram shows the structures of three halogenoalkanes.
p q r
ch, h h
oh vbw nto
in | |
p, q and r can all be hydrolysed.
which row is correct?
[em | a |
of hydrolysis of hydrolysis
q r p q
a fast slow sn1 sn2
b fast slow sn2 sn1
cc slow fast sn1 sn2
d slow fast sn2 sn1

31 a sample of 2.30g of ethanol is mixed with an excess of aqueous acidified potassium
dichromate(vi). the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for one hour. the required organic
product is then collected by distillation. the yield of product is 60.0%.

which mass of product is collected?
a 1.32g b 1.38g c 1.80g d 3.00g

32 the structure of tartaric acid is shown.
tartaric acid
oh o
ho
oh
o oh
four moles of substance x react with one mole of tartaric acid.
what could be substance x?
a sodium
b sodium carbonate
c sodium hydrogencarbonate
d sodium hydroxide

33 which compound gives both:
e anorange precipitate with 2,4-dnph reagent
e anda yellow precipitate with alkaline i,(aq)?
a ethanol
b~ methanal
c _propanal
d_propanone

34 a student suggests two uses of lialh,.

reaction1 © ch,—-ch==ch, _ ie ch,—ch,—ch,
reaction2 ch,co,h a ch,ch,oh

which reactions would give the product shown?

a both reactions

b_ reaction 1 only

c_ reaction 2 only

d neither reaction

35 compound x contains a single ester group.
x contains 27.6% by mass of oxygen.
which pair of products could be produced by the hydrolysis of x?
a __butan-1-ol and ethanoic acid
b_ ethanol and propanoic acid
c_ methanol and methanoic acid
d_ propan-2-ol and butanoic acid

36 what is the least number of carbon atoms in a non-cyclic alkane molecule that has a chiral
centre?
a 7 b 8 c 9 d 10

37 a molecule of a polymer contains the sequence shown.
h h h h h cl h h h cl h h
ted e dt i titted

peer eeene!

which monomer could produce this polymer by addition polymerisation?

a chci=chc1

b  ch,=chci

c ch3ccl=chcl

d chs3cci=chz

38 compound y is heated with a mild oxidising agent. one of the products of the reaction reacts with
hydrogen cyanide forming 2-hydroxybutanenitrile.
what is compound y?
a __butan-1-ol
b butan-2-ol
c_propan-1-ol
d_propan-2-ol

39 the diagrams show the structures of lycopene and f-carotene.
lycopene
ch,
ch, ch, ch, ch,
po owdvoowoowdooodoooooooows e
ch, ch, “he sty
ch,
b-carotene
ch,
ch, ch, ch, ch,
sst wt oelyt sony sy yy ss
ch, ch, she gs
ch,
when lycopene is converted into b-carotene, what is the gain or loss of hydrogen atoms per
molecule?
a 4gained
b  2gained
c nochange
d = 2lost

40 which diagram shows the infrared spectrum of a compound that contains both a c=o and an
o-h group?
a b
100 100

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