economics

1. the diagram is from a chapter on ‘the economic problem’ in an economics textbook. it should
contain the terms opportunity cost, scarcity and choice in the order that identifies the economic
problem.

al al
what is the correct order for the terms to appear in the diagram?
a_ choice > opportunity cost > scarcity
b_ choice —> scarcity — opportunity cost
c scarcity — choice > opportunity cost
d scarcity — opportunity cost — choice

2 what is most important for the effective operation of the division of labour in a modern economy?
a asupply of money
b finance from the government
c highly qualified entrepreneurs
d integrated transport systems

3 the diagram shows a production possibility curve for an economy that is producing at point p.
150
good y p
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
good x
which quantity of x is given up to produce the quantity of y shown?
a 40 b50 cc 100 d 110

4 despite much opposition, the local government in a popular tourist resort built a leisure centre
and swimming pool which is open to everyone. many tourists visit the centre. local residents are
charged a lower entry fee than the fee charged to the tourists.

how would economists classify this service?

a ltis ademerit good because some people objected to the development.

b_itis a merit good because the entry fee is reduced for local residents.

c_itis a private good because there is an entry fee for all users.

d_ it is a public good because it is open to everyone and provided by the local government.

6 in 2014, in an attempt to tind new uses for seven sites previously used to bury rubbish, the
hong kong government announced it would allow private companies to bid to redevelop the
sites.

which diagram shows the change in the market for these sites?
a b cc d

7 the price elasticity of demand for a firm’s product is equal to one for all price changes.
what would be the result of this?
a a percentage increase in price will cause demand to fall by a larger percentage.
ba percentage increase in price will cause demand to increase by the same percentage.
c quantity demanded will always be the same whatever the price.
d_ the firm’s revenue will always be the same whatever the price.

8 which change will lower the price elasticity of supply of a product?
a it becomes easier to store the product.
b output of the product nears full capacity.
c_ the production process becomes less complex.
d workers become more mobile.

9 the diagram shows the market for coffee. the initial equilibrium position is x. the price of tea, a
substitute, falls and an indirect tax is imposed on coffee.
what will be the new equilibrium position?
: ss,
price of
coffee
b
cc
a
d
d,
ie) ;
quantity of coffee

10 the diagram shows the market for new houses.
s,
s;
price
y.
d.
db,
oo .
quantity
what would cause the change in the market equilibrium position from x to y?
a a fall in income tax and a rise in building costs
bsa fall in interest rates and increased efficiency in house-building
c a fall in population and a rise in the price of building land
d_ arise in building subsidies and a fall in incomes

11 jam and honey are substitutes. honey and beeswax are in joint supply.
other things being equal, what will be the result of an increase in the price of jam?
[ [ree orteney | pre of beeswax |
a fall fall
b fall rise
cc rise fall
d rise rise

12 for price to act as a rationing mechanism for a final product, the effect of a rising price must be to
a attract new firms into the market.
b generate additional profits for producers.
c_ reduce the quantity demanded by some individuals.
d _ signal the need for redeployment of labour.

13 a well-known clothes retailer decides to have a summer sale in its shops. as a result the number
of people who use the shops increases.
j
original price } ---------
, ml
sale price } ----------4------™
mo! n |
[e)
customer
purchases
which areas measure the change in consumer surplus for the customers who would have bought
the clothes anyway and the surplus for the new customers?
existing new
customers customers
a j+k l
b j+k+m l+n
cc k l
d m n

14 in 2014 some supermarkets reduced the price they were willing to pay farmers for milk to below
what was then the market equilibrium price. they passed the lower price onto the consumers in
order to try and encourage them into the store.

the government then fixed an effective minimum price which the supermarkets had to pay the
farmers.
these two actions are shown in the diagram.
price ss
0 46 9 13 17
‘000 litres
what would be the outcome after the supermarket action and then the government action?
| | after supermarket action after government action
a a shortage of 5000 litres a surplus of 4000 litres
b a shortage of 5000 litres a surplus of 7000 litres
cc a shortage of 13000 litres a surplus of 4000 litres
d a shortage of 13000 litres a surplus of 7000 litres

15 the initial market for a product is represented by the demand and supply curves d, and s,;
respectively. a subsidy is then introduced, represented by the shift of s; to sz (+ subsidy).
price of *
product t
an s, (+ subsidy)
ni q:
po d;
o a b
quantity of product
what is the incidence of the subsidy for the consumer and producer?
[[ eensamer | preauce |
a pn na
b qr tr
cc qt qb
d tr qr

16 what is the most likely purpose of a government making transfer payments, such as social
security benefits, to unemployed workers?
a to encourage a change in income distribution
b_ to increase the government's revenue
c_ to keep the principles of a free market economy
d to let all citizens enjoy identical living standards

17 in the diagram, d is the demand curve of an agricultural commodity and s is the initial supply
curve.
the government promises to maintain farmers’ incomes at least at this initial level. the harvests
in four subsequent years are shown by supply curves s;—s,.
6 ss
price 51_\ s,
(s) 8,
4? si,
saar
aie ai s,
tpt fob >
rote te yh 1d
: 12 3 4 5 6
quantity (000 tonnes)
how much in total will the government need to pay to support farmers over the four subsequent
years?
a $0 b $3000 c $6000 d $10000

18 which circumstance is not likely to represent a strong case for an industry to be nationalised?
a_ in the private sector, the industry would cause significant inequalities of supply between
different areas of the country.
b_ the industry would allow firms outside of the industry to enter easily.
c_ the industry would be unprofitable as a private enterprise but generates large benefits for
the rest of society.
d_ the industry would experience such economies of scale that it can support only one firm.

19 how does a rise in the price of factors of production affect the aggregate supply (as) curve?
a amove left along the as curve
b  amove right along the as curve
ca shift to the left of the as curve
d_ashift to the right of the as curve

20 inthe diagram, ad, is an economy's initial aggregate demand curve.
price
level sk
so ad,
ad,
e output
what could cause the curve to shift to ad2?
a adecrease in real wages
ban appreciation of the currency
c_anincrease in the money supply
d_anincrease in the price level

21 +felative weignts are used in calculating the index of retail prices to retiect the ditterent
a amounts of money spent by consumers on each good.
b levels of prices for each good.
c numbers of people buying each good.
d rates of change in price of each good over time.

22 ee contains some figures from the 2014 balance of payments account of the united states
fess ition
exports of goods 1632639
balance of trade in goods -741 462
imports of services 477428
balance of trade in services 233 138
what cannot be concluded about us trade in 2014 from the table?
a exported services were valued at over us$477 428.
b_ imported goods were valued at over us$1 632 639.
c_ the value of exported services was less than the value of exported goods.
d_ there was an overall current account deficit.

23 acountry has a fixed exchange rate.
what is likely to result in a deterioration in its balance of payments?
a adecrease in interest rates in foreign countries
b  adecrease in the country’s interest rates
c  adecrease in the country’s national income
d_anincrease in the income of foreign countries

24 at present, one unit of a country’s currency exchanges for us$1.2. the country aims to set its
exchange rate equal to us$1.0.
which combination of government actions in the foreign exchange market must achieve this aim?
a buying us currency and buying its own currency
b_ buying us currency and selling its own currency
c selling us currency and buying its own currency
d - selling us currency and selling its own currency

25 the table gives the terms of trade index in 2010 and 2013 for japan and venezuela.
terms of trade (2000=100)
venezuela 215.9 254.6
japan 67.7 59.0
which combination of statements is a correct interpretation of the changes between 2010 and
2013?
can buy more imports import prices have risen
per unit of exports faster than export prices
a japan japan
b japan venezuela
cc venezuela japan
d venezuela venezuela

26 the us president signed a trade agreement which allowed more duty-free access to the us
market for latin american and caribbean countries.
who might benefit in the short run from this agreement?
a caribbean countries, because they may export to latin america.
b___latin american businesses, because they may be able to sell more in the us.
c latin american governments, because they will not have to pay so much duty.
d_ the us, because it may export more to latin america.

27 which statement is not a valid reason why a country may impose protectionist measures?
a to allow a newly developed domestic industry to grow to a viable size
b_ to enable a country to retain control of an industry it regards as being of strategic importance
c_ to give consumers a wider choice of goods and services
d__togive time for workers in a declining domestic industry to find alternative employment

28 a government wants to operate a tighter monetary policy.
what would it increase?
a budget surplus
b _ interest rate
c money supply
d rates of taxation

29 acountry has a large current account deficit. its government decides to devalue its currency.
in which circumstance would such a measure reduce the deficit?
price elasticity of price elasticity of
demand for exports | demand for imports
a 0.0 0.0
b 0.0 0.5
cc 0.5 0.5
d 0.5 1.0

30 the diagram shows four possible aggregate supply curves and an equilibrium point x. a
government employs deflationary fiscal policy in order to reduce the rate of inflation in its
economy. this shifts aggregate demand to ad2.

with which as curve would this policy be least effective?
b
x cc
price d
level
xx,
ad,
ad,
(e) ' '
national income

Solve 9708_m17_qp_12