economics

1. to overcome the problem of scarcity, countries with few natural resources need to concentrate
on the quality of human resources.
which set of policies would be most appropriate?
| | natural resources policy human resources policy
a _ | develop renewable energy supplies improve education and training
b plan the allocation of resources discourage automation
cc protect land resources protect jobs in manufacturing
d restrict imports of raw materials restrict influx of skilled migrants

2 agovernment decides to subsidise farms producing milk in its country.
which question about this decision is a normative question rather than a positive question?
a how much will milk production increase?
b how should essential products, such as milk, be produced?
c howwill employment in the milk industry change?
d_ how will milk prices change?

3 economy x uses its resources in the labour-intensive production of wheat and wooden furniture
as shown by the production possibility curve fw.
with the help of new strains of wheat seeds, x increased yields and shifted to a new production
possibility curve.
which diagram depicts this change?
a b
furniture a furniture
fll os, rn
sy fil os,
(e) oo
w wheat ee wheat
cc d
furniture furniture ¢[f>>s..
f — a
oo o
w wheat _ wheat

4 what is most likely to severely affect the ability of money to act as a medium of exchange?
a adevaluation of a country’s rate of exchange for foreign currency
b_anincrease in the money supply
c avery high rate of inflation
d avery high rate of interest

5 what would not affect the position of the demand curve for wigs?
a_anincrease in incomes
b_areduction in the price of hairdressing
c_anincrease in wigs worn by television celebrities
d_ areduction in the price of wigs

6 in which situation is the demand tor a product said to be price elastic?
a the quantity demanded responds to a change in price.
b_ anincrease in price brings about a decrease in the quantity demanded.
c_ anincrease in price induces consumers to spend more on the product.
d  adecrease in price brings about an increase in revenue.

7 inthe diagram d,d, is a straight line demand curve and dd, is a rectangular hyperbola curve.
d, d,
price
d,
d,
o
quantity
which statement is correct?
a d,.dz is more elastic than d,d, at point m.
b_ d2dz2 is more elastic than d,d, at point n.
c_ the elasticity of demand increases on moving down both curves.
d_ the elasticity of demand is inelastic at point m on both curves.

8 over a four year period, as the price of new houses increases, the price elasticity of supply for
new houses falls, as shown. all new houses were sold.
houses houses ($) of supply

year 1 10000 100000 -

year 2 10250 110000 0.25

year 3 10450 125000 0.13

year 4 10600 140000 0.12
what shows price elasticity of supply became more inelastic from year to year?
a dollar revenues to house builders declined each year.
b_ each year, the government released more land for house building.
c_ the proportionate price change was greater than the proportionate supply change.
d_ the proportionate price change was the same as the proportionate supply change.

9 prices of gold, silver and copper fell considerably in 2011 and again in 2015. the fall in 2011 was
said to be because miners increased production. the fall in 2015 was because demand,
especially from china, decreased.

assuming that the equilibrium before 2011 was x, how would these movements in 2011 and
subsequently in 2015 be shown on the demand and supply diagram?
price 4
1 q
is)
r
ie) quantity
initial 2011 2015
equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium
a x q r
b xx r q
cc x ss r
d x t is)

10 consumer x is the largest of five consumers and buys 50% of sales.
the table shows the quantity of the good demanded by consumer x and the market supply of the
good.

price demand from
$ consumer market supply
4 20 28
6 16 32
8 12 40
10 10 45
what would be the market equilibrium price?
a $4 b $6 cc $8 d $10

11 what does not happen when price acts as a means to allocate resources?
a price determines the supply of public goods.
b_ price operates in the markets for both goods and factors of production.
c_ price recognises consumers’ ability to pay rather than consumers’ needs.
d_ price signals to producers which goods are most profitable.

12 what is meant by consumer surplus?
a_ the amount of money that remains after consumers have made their purchases
b alae between how much a consumer is willing to pay for a good and the amount
pai
c_ the difference between the amount of a good that’s bought by a consumer and the amount
consumed
d the difference between the price paid for a good and the cost of producing it

13 in the diagram, s; is the original supply curve and d is the original demand curve.
s.
ww 2
price s,
v
t
p a q
“aon d
je) mn ,
quantity

if supply shifts to sz, which area represents the change in consumer surplus?
a pqvt b pqw c prvt d tvw

14 after a series of poor harvests, a government imposes an effective maximum price on cereals.
what would be a consequence of this policy?
a both rich and poor people would satisfy their demands equally.
b _ illegal buying and selling through a black market would be prevented.
c_ rationing would be necessary to ensure a fair distribution of cereals.
d_ the market would fail to clear leaving a surplus of cereals.

15 the diagram shows the demand and supply curves of a commodity before and after a specific tax
is removed.
ss
ss
. a
price
10 !
4 |
24-------4-----y d
0
quantity
what is the tax per unit of output and what is the price after the removal of the tax?
fnaher unit price after the
p removal of the tax
a 6 6
b 6 8
cc 4 6
d 4 8

16 the diagram shows the market for heating oil.
ss
price
| d
o quantity

if the government introduces a production subsidy, how will the financial benefit be shared
between consumers and producers?
a it will be shared equally between producer and consumer.
b it will go entirely to the producer.
c_ the majority will go to the consumer.
d_ the majority will go to the producer.

17 the diagrams show uk government total spending and welfare spending in £ billions between
2005 and 2014.
total spending united kingdom welfare spending united kingdom
800 120
100
=, god - oli wwe eee a
5 no 5 som t
fs a ae
200 sot te elete
; ull
ho hh bd qd wo nv av ad nh do hh db qd wo wn av kad nm
db oy o* lo" oe is. nz nt in so" ovo oi os is nm se an
sess hs pp hs sess os po lhs
what can be concluded from the diagrams about uk government spending during the period
2005 to 2014?
a both forms of spending were cut in 2014.
b_ both total and welfare spending have risen continuously.
c_ in 2005 welfare spending made up a quarter of total spending.
d_ non-welfare spending has always exceeded welfare spending.

18 health services in an economy are provided by private clinics that charge high fees. the
government decides health services should be provided for everyone, not based on ability to pay.
which direct action should it take?

a_ build government clinics to compete in the market.

b_ close private clinics where provision by the market is inadequate.
c increase the taxes on profits made by private clinics.

d_ nationalise private clinics and remove charging.

19 in its recent budget a government reduced total expenditure while increasing the amount spent
on training to increase the productivity of the workforce. the initial equilibrium point is shown by x
on the aggregate demand (ad) and aggregate supply (as) diagram.

what would be the equilibrium point after these changes?
as,
as,
ice level (e
price leve as,
b d
a
ad, ad, ‘ad,
(e)
real output

20 the table shows the retail prices index for four countries for years 2 and 3.
(year 1 index = 100 for all countries.)
which country had a higher rate of inflation in year 2 than year 3?
a 100 115
b 110 132
cc 120 144
d 130 150

21 what does the current account of the balance of payments include?
a government reserves and foreign aid
b government revenue and government spending
c_ imports and exports of goods and services
d inflows and outflows of trade and capital

22 assume the chinese monetary authorities are committed to maintaining the exchange rate of
china’s currency, the yuan, against the us$ between p, and p2 on the diagram.
s,
price of yuan
(in us$) s
ps enscarecnortestoetl natta angie saree misia
piha ego i oe et ets
d
[e) ‘
quantity of yuan
what might they do if supply changed from s, to s2?
a __ introduce controls on chinese investment overseas
b lower interest rates
c_ remove tariffs on imports from usa
d- sell yuan on the foreign exchange markets

23 in the uk in july 2014, £1 = us $1.71.
by the end of august 2014, £1 = us $1.65.
what is most likely to explain this?
a anincrease in uk exports
b_anincrease in uk interest rates
c increasing profitability of uk companies
d increasing size of uk national debt

24 which formula is used to calculate a countrys terms of trade?
a __ index of export prices — index of import prices
b _ index of import prices — index of export prices
c lex of export prices x 100
index of import prices
d index of import prices x 100
index of export prices

25 country x forms a customs union with country y.
x then ceases to produce its own cars and instead imports cars from y. country y diverts some
of its car exports to x from country z.
how is this likely to affect car prices in x and z?
csuniy [county
a decrease decrease
b decrease increase
cc increase decrease
d increase increase

26 the table shows the ability of two countries to produce two commodities when they use all of their
resources for that product.
maximum output maximum output
country ‘
of rice of wheat

x 2000 2000

¥ 4000 2000
which statement is correct?
a_ country x has an absolute advantage in wheat.
b_ country y has an absolute advantage in wheat.
c country x has a comparative advantage in wheat.
d country y has a comparative advantage in wheat.

27 in 2014, poland was the world’s largest exporter of apples. 55% of the crop went to russia. then
russia banned the imports.
what would not have prevented the revenue of the polish apple farmers falling dramatically?
a_ the apple farmers found new markets in other countries.
b_ the apple farmers were able to store the harvest for sale later.
c_ the polish government placed a ban on imports of food from russia.
d_ the polish government established a scheme to buy apples and supply them to charities.

28 monetary policy can be used to increase the level of business activity.
which action illustrates this?
a_ curbing consumption through controls on credit
b_ lowering reserve requirements of banks to increase lending
c_ reducing government spending to achieve a budget surplus
d _ stimulating company investments by increasing interest rates

29 when will a country’s balance of payments current account deficit be reduced?
a when it lowers tariffs on its imports
b_ when it raises its rate of income tax
c_ when it removes export subsidies
d_ when it revalues its currency

30 the diagram shows four possible aggregate supply curves and an equilibrium point x. a
government employs deflationary fiscal policy in order to reduce the rate of inflation in its
economy. this shifts aggregate demand to ad2.

with which as curve would this policy be most effective?
a b
cc
price d
level
ix,
ad,
ad,
o , ;
national income

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