economics

1. what is an example of external benefits?
a personal benefits from drinking tea with friends
b__ the benefits of education to both the individual and society as a whole
c_ the benefits to third parties of vaccinations
d_ welfare benefit payments such as government provided pensions

2 the diagram shows the marginal private benefit (mpb), the marginal private cost (mpc) and the
marginal social cost (msc) for firms in an industry. the equilibrium price is point x.
price msc
mpc
x
mpb = msb
o quantity
what should happen to achieve allocative efficiency?
a adecrease in consumption and an increase in price
b- adecrease in production and no change in price
c_anincrease in consumption and a decrease in production
d_anincrease in price and no change in production

3 in deciding whether to invest in a new project, what would be taken into account in government
cost-benefit analysis but not by a private company?
a consultancy fees
b consumer surplus
c interest charges
d_ tax payments

4 what is not held constant when calculating the income effect of a change in the price of a good?
a_ the consumer's money income
b_ the consumer's preferences
c_ the consumer's real income
d_ the prices of other goods

5 the diagram shows a consumer's initial budget line is gh and a set of indifference curves ic, ic2
and ic3 for goods r and s. the original equilibrium for the consumer is point x.
the inflation rate is rising faster than money incomes.

what will be the most likely new equilibrium for the consumer if income is spent?
good r
g y
n\a
ic,
ic,
sss
o h
good s

6 firms x, y and z are profit maximising private firms.
x operates in a perfectly competitive industry, y in a monopolistically competitive industry and
z is a single monopolist.
which statement is correct?
a_ only x satisfies the condition for allocative efficiency.
b_ only x faces no barriers to entry in the long run.
c only y and z can make a supernormal profit in the long run.
d_ only z has a product differentiation.

7 what are the correct formulae for calculating average cost (ac) and average revenue (ar)?
[ [ae [ar
tc tr
= mc mr | key
- mc = marginal cost
b pp pxq mr = marginal revenue
p = price
«| ig pxq | 0
q q q = quantity
tc = total cost
5 | 7 tr
q p tr = total revenue

8 a hawker centre where there are many outdoor stalis is a popular and cheap place to eat in
singapore. they sell a large variety of food but many sell the same dishes cooked in different
ways. the cost of setting up a stall is low and prices charged are very similar.

of which market structure is this an example?
a monopolistic competition

b= monopoly

c oligopoly

d perfect competition

9 what is an example of horizontal integration?
a_ a bank takes over a travel agent.
b acar manufacturer buys a component supplier.
c_ acotton mill doubles its output of existing products.
d_ two breweries merge.

10 the diagram shows a firm that is a sales revenue maximiser.
total costs
$
total revenue
o r is) aa
output

what is correct for this firm?

a_ output takes place at r and price is at its highest.

b output takes place at s and profits are maximised.

c output takes place at t and price is equal to the profit maximising price.

d output takes place at t and price is lower than the profit maximising price.

11. what is an essential feature of the principal-agent problem?
a the aim of the firm is profit maximisation
b_ the need for co-operation between firms in the same industry
c_ the separation of ownership and control
d_ the uncertainty about a rival competitor's pricing policy

12 which characteristic of an industry works towards reducing the barriers to entry for new firms?
a _ significant advertising expenditure by existing firms
b _ significant economies of scale
c_ the absence of large costs associated with investment in capital assets
d_ the possession by existing firms of product and process patents

13 the government wishes to increase the use of a service with positive externalities.
which policy measure is most likely to produce the desired outcome?
a decreasing income tax
b increasing transfer payments to the consumer
c leaving the provision of the service to the private sector
d _ subsidising the producers of the service

14 the government imposes a maximum wage limit on recording artists.
what must result in the short-run if the measure is effective?
a adecrease in the demand for recording artists
b- adecrease in the economic rent earned by recording artists
c  adecrease in the profits of record companies
d  adecrease in the supply of recording artists

15 the diagram shows the market for labour in an industry in the short-run.
ss
wages
te eons
d
{e) q
quantity of labour
what does the area owrq represent?
a consumers’ surplus
b_ economic rent
c the opportunity cost of labour
d transfer earnings

16 acountry introduces a national minimum wage (nmw) of $10 per hour.
in which industry is the nmw likely to cause the most unemployment?

equilibrium wage rate wage elasticity of wage elasticity of
before nmw ($ per hour) demand for labour supply of labour

a 8 >1 >1

b 8 <1 <1

cc 9 >1 >1

d 10 >1 >1

1/ bteconomics textbooks state that for a tirm in imperfect competition labour is a derived demand.
how is the demand curve for labour derived?
a_ by multiplying the average physical product by the average revenue
b_ by multiplying the average physical product by the marginal revenue
c_ by multiplying the marginal physical product by the marginal cost
d_ by multiplying the marginal physical product by the marginal revenue

18 the diagram shows changes in the numbers employed in four different industries in a city
between 2012 and 2017.
60 .
employment finance
(000s) 50
40 manufacturing
30 education
20 leisure
10
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
what can be concluded from the diagram?
a_ finance was always the largest employer.
b_ leisure had the fastest growth rate in employment.
c manufacturing was the only industry to show signs of decline.
d_ total employment in the four industries decreased over the period.

19 what is likely to make the national income of a country less reliable as an indicator of the
standard of living?
a adecline in the numbers engaged in subsistence farming
b_anincrease in negative externalities
c_anincrease in the employment of domestic servants
d_anincrease in the numbers eating restaurant meals rather than home-cooked meals

20 what is not included as a weighted indicator of poverty in the multidimensional poverty index
(mpi)?
a cooking fuel
b electricity
c_ medication
d_ water

21 what term is given to short-term unemployment when people are changing jobs?
a cyclical
b frictional
c seasonal
d voluntary

22 vwhy might gdp remain unchanged despite a rise in labour productivity?
a anincrease in the birth rate
b_anincrease in the population of working age
c  areduction in the number of unemployed people
d_ areduction in the retirement age

23 when is an increase in national income most likely to induce an increase in investment
spending?
a_ when firms have spare production capacity
b_ when firms use labour intensive production
c_ when the increase in income is regarded as permanent
d_ when the increase in income is regarded as temporary

24 ina four sector economy in equilibrium, these values exist.
im

investment 15
exports 40
government expenditure 50
savings 1s:
imports 45
taxes x

what is the tax revenue, $xm?

a 20 b 35 c 45 d 60

25 in aclosed economy with no government c = 40 + 0.7 y and | = 50, where c is consumption, y is
income and | is investment.
what is the equilibrium level of income?
a 90 b 210 c 300 d 640

26 an increase in the money supply leaves the price level unchanged.
what could explain this?
a _afallin the level of employment
ba fall in the level of real output
c sa fall in the velocity of circulation
da fall in the volume of transactions

27 the table shows the elasticity of demand for money and the elasticity of demand for investment
with respect to a change in the interest rate for four countries.
which country is closest to a keynesian model of the economy?
elasticity of demand for elasticity of demand for
money with respect to investment with respect
a low interest rate to any interest rate
a elastic elastic
b elastic relatively inelastic
cc inelastic elastic
d inelastic relatively inelastic

28 when making comparisons of living standards between different countries, what is not a reason
why they may be misleading?
a different countries have different amounts of unrecorded economic activity.
b_ different countries have different rates of economic growth.
c_ less developed countries have limited resources to calculate accurate estimates.
d_ there are different rates of inflation between countries.

29 the table shows the annual rate of inflation (consumer prices) and the annual rate of
unemployment for five countries in a recent year.
rate of inflation % rate of a
unemployment %
japan
greece
content removed due to copyright restrictions
usa
south africa
brazil
what conclusion can be made about the relationship between inflation and unemployment?
a_ higher inflation is always correlated with higher unemployment.
b_ higher inflation is always correlated with lower unemployment.
c lower inflation is always correlated with higher unemployment.
d_ noconsistent correlation can be established.

30 an economy has a balance of payments trade surplus and a high level of inflation.
what is most likely to be an appropriate action for the government to take?
a devalue the currency
b_ reduce direct taxes
c_ increase the money supply
d_ remove tariffs on imports

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