economics

1. which situation would indicate the presence of an externality?
a producers’ actions cause a shortage of a particular good.
b_ private motorists contribute to traffic congestion in city centres.
c_ differences in ability cause inequality in the distribution of income in an economy.
d_ increased demand for a good by the rich raises its price for poorer consumers.

2 building a hospital has a social cost of $200 million. the social benefit is $240 million; external
benefit is $150 million.
what can be concluded from this information?
a external benefit is greater than external cost
b_ external benefit is greater than private benefit
c private benefit is greater than private cost
d the project should not take place

3 a firm produces good x and good y when the marginal product of both labour and capital is
diminishing.
the table shows the marginal products at a given output.
—[aaaret |
of labour (units) of capital (units)
good y 8 4
the firm should use ......1...... labour and ...... 2...... capital in the production of x and
...3...... labour and ......4...... capital in the production of y.
which words complete the gaps 1, 2, 3 and 4 if the firm wished to increase productive efficiency?
popo | 2 ts st
a less more more less
b less more more more
cc more less less more
d more less less less

4 what is equal at all points along an indifference curve for an individual consumer?
a marginal expenditure
b- marginal utility
c total expenditure
d _ total utility

5 the diagram shows the total utility of a good for an individual consumer. marginal utility gives a
guide to the price a consumer is willing to pay.
total
utility ——
fo tu
ie) qa q, q, q,
quantity
what can be concluded about the price a consumer is willing to pay per unit?
a_ the price a consumer is willing to pay will be higher at qo than q,.
b_ the price a consumer is willing to pay will be higher at q3 than qo.
c_ the price a consumer is willing to pay will be highest at qo.
d_ the price a consumer is willing to pay will be the same at q; and qs.

6 the diagrams show different budget lines and consumer equilibrium choices. the consumer is in
equilibrium at qixquy.
which diagram shows the effect of a successful advertising campaign of good y?
a b
good x good x
q,
qx
q3x qn.
2) quy qy good y 0 qy qy good y
cc d
good x good x
q
q,, 1x
q,
qx
oo qy qy good y o quy qy good y

8 the diagram shows cost and revenue curves for a firm.
mc
cost,
revenue
p.|_---- ac
1
fg sees as
py p,}---------
_ ar
[e) q
quantity
q,
mr
the firm may seek to either maximise profit or maximise revenue.
what is the correct price and quantity combination for each?
maximise maximise
profit revenue

a q, p, qs3p3
b qyp, p,q,
cc q>p2 q3p3
d q2p2 qyp,4

9 the list provides characteristics of the market in which firm x operates.

e firms in the market spend a lot of money on advertising.
e firms in the market experience a high level of uncertainty.
e start-up costs for new firms entering the market are relatively high.
e the largest five firms in the market control 85% of total sales.

in which market structure is firm x operating?

a monopoly

b= monopolistic competition

c oligopoly

d perfect competition

10 which statement about the ‘kinked demand curve’ model of oligopoly is incorrect?
a the kink in the demand curve of each firm is based on expectations about other firms’
responses to changes in its price.
b_ the marginal revenue curve of the firm has a vertical segment at the market price.
c_ the model explains how the equilibrium market price is determined.
d_ the model suggests price stickiness within a certain range of marginal costs.

11 as firm x grows in size, it specialises in a narrower range of products.
which economies of scale will the firm be less able to benefit from?
a financial
b- marketing
c_risk-bearing
d technical

12 what would economists agree should be the aim of any healthcare system?
a to meet all the healthcare demands of the population
b to provide every patient with the latest and best available treatment
c to provide free medical treatment
d_ to secure the maximum health gain from the resources available

13 a producer of a good causes pollution.
when will a specific tax on the production of the good be most effective in reducing output?
a. when there is price elastic demand and price elastic supply
b_ when there is price elastic demand and price inelastic supply
c_ when there is price inelastic demand and price elastic supply
d_ when there is price inelastic demand and price inelastic supply

14 governments often aim to reduce income inequalities. the diagram shows the effects of using
taxation and benefits to try to achieve this aim.
100 0005 eee

15 which government policy would not be classified as regulation?
a bans on heroin and cocaine consumption
b_ compulsory wearing of seatbelts in cars and coaches
c licences for the extraction of water from lakes and rivers
d taxation of cigarettes and tobacco products

16 the diagram shows the initial position of a labour market.
weekly s
/ p<
d
oo number
of workers
the government increases the number of statutory paid holidays to which workers are entitled
from 10 days a year to 15 days a year.
how will this affect the supply and demand curves in the diagram?
employers’ workers’
demand curve supply curve
a shifts to left shifts to right
b shifts to left shifts to left
[e shifts to right shifts to right
d shifts to right shifts to left

17 the diagram represents the demand and supply of labour in a competitive industry.
wage s
ww fj
d
[e) le
labour
what is true about unit of labour l when they are paid wage w?
a lis paid only economic rent.
b_ lis paid an element of economic rent and transfer earnings.
c lis paid below transfer earnings and leaves the industry.
d lis paid exactly transfer earnings and remains in work.

18 which combination of characteristics is usually associated with a developing country?
a high death rate and low levels of productivity
b_ high gross domestic product and low infant mortality
c low birth rate and a large proportion of income from primary industries
d low exports of capital and a large tertiary sector

19 what is the best description of sustainable economic development?
a_ along term increase in the actual output of an economy
b_ along term increase in the living standards without damage to the environment
c_ along term increase in the productive potential of an economy
d_ along term increase in the living standards of every member of society

20 the table gives the percentage (%) rates of youth unemployment and total unemployment in
france and the uk in 2001 and 2005.
ee
unemployment | unemployment | unemployment | unemployment
(%) (%) (%) (%)
2005 22.1 10.1 12.5 4.8
what can be concluded from the table?
a_ france and the uk experienced the same trends in unemployment.
b_ france had a higher number of unemployed people than the uk.
c_ the uk used a different definition of unemployment from france.
d_ the uk was more successful than france in controlling unemployment.

21 which change in the labour market could cause inflation if the government adopted an
expansionary fiscal policy?
a adecrease in the economy’s national minimum wage
b adecrease in the power of the economy's trade unions
c_anincrease in the level of benefits paid to unemployed workers
d_anincrease in the migration of workers into the country from overseas

22 which assumption is not made in the keynesian model of national income and employment
determination?
a anincrease in aggregate demand can increase real national income.
b_ interest rates move to equalise planned savings and investment.
c_ investment depends on the expectation of entrepreneurs.
d_ planned consumption is a function of national income.

23 an economist once said “if you pay people not to work and tax them when they do, don’t be
surprised if you get unemployment”.
what is this an example of?
a cyclical unemployment
b _ frictional unemployment
c _ structural unemployment
d_ voluntary unemployment

24 the table provides data for the external debt as a percentage of gross national income (gni) for
four countries in 2010 and 2015.
na.
bulgaria 104.2 79.9
georgia 85.6 109.4
india 172 23.4
serbia 85.4 88.8
what can be deduced from the table?
a_ all countries borrowed more money externally in 2015 than in 2010.
b_ external borrowing grew more slowly than gni in india.
c georgia borrowed the most money externally in 2015.
d_ the burden of external debt changed least in serbia.

25 the following statistics are for pakistan and refer to 2016.
p|
gdp growth 5.7
population growth 2.0
rate of inflation 3.8
what was the approximate rate of growth of real gdp per capita for pakistan in 2016?
a 0% b 2% c 4% d 6%

26 ina 4-sector economy, consisting of nousenolds, tirms, government and foreign trade, the level
of national income is in equilibrium where
c+i1+g+(x-m)=y.
what must y include for an equilibrium to exist?
a c+s+m b c+s+t c s+t d s+t+m

27 according to keynesian theory, what will cause the rate of interest to rise?
a adecrease in liquidity preference
b adecrease in the level of national income
c_ adecrease in the rate of investment
d  adecrease in the supply of money

28 a government finances its public sector borrowing by selling securities to the non-bank private
sector.
what will follow?
a the budget deficit will fall.
b_ the deficit on the current account will increase.
c the money supply will rise.
d_ the national debt will increase.

29 when would a central bank be able to exert the closest control over the money supply of the
country?
a if it intervened in the foreign exchange market to influence the value of domestic currency.
b_ifit only issued domestic currency at a fixed price in exchange for us$.
c_ if the country was part of a monetary union with other countries.
d if the domestic currency was allowed to float freely in the foreign exchange market.

30 a fall in domestic investment leads to an increase in unemployment.
which other problem might also be observed at the same time?
a_anincrease in interest rates on loans for house purchase
b_anincrease in the current account balance of payments deficit
c_anincrease in the government budget deficit
d_anincrease in the rate of price inflation

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