economics

1 a tourist visits the coast for a holiday.

on her first day, she visits the local tourist office for information, goes for a swim in the sea,
spends the evening enjoying the view of the coastline and rents a campsite for an overnight stay.
which activities involve economic goods and which involve free goods?
[economic goods | ee goods

a camping and information swimming and sightseeing

b information and swimming sightseeing and camping

cc sightseeing and camping information and swimming

d swimming and sightseeing camping and information

2 which aspect of a planned economy might be viewed unfavourably by a consumer but favourably
by a producer?
a abureaucratic system of decision-making
b_ along response time to changing economic events
c_ anabsence of incentives to work and to produce
d  anemphasis on the production of capital goods

3 if the rate of inflation rises from 2% to 20%, which function of money is likely to be most affected?
a medium of exchange
b standard for deferred payment
c store of value
dunit of account

4 which statement would be classified by an economist as a positive statement?
a balancing the budget cannot be more important than reducing inflation.
b_ maintaining the real income of pensioners needs to be a priority.
c_ the government should increase indirect taxation.
d_ the government will not increase direct taxation.

2 ~~ vwvhicn statement about price elasticity of supply is correct?
a_ it cannot change in the short run.
b_ it increases as the time period lengthens.
c itis infinite in the momentary time period.
d_itis zero in the long run.

6 the price elasticity of demand for a firm’s product is equal to one for all price changes.
what would be the result of this?
a a percentage increase in price will cause demand to fall by a larger percentage.
ba percentage increase in price will cause demand to increase by the same percentage.
c quantity demanded will always be the same whatever the price.
d_ the firm’s revenue will always be the same whatever the price.

7 what leads to a downward shift of a normal supply curve?
a arise in the cost of transporting goods
b_ arise in the productivity of the labour force
c arise in the rate of sales tax on the good
d_ arise in the wage rate paid to workers
ees ee ee f=eens =. e——c

8 a market is in equilibrium with 100 units of the product sold at a price of uso10 eacn. |the price
elasticity of supply for the product is +2.0 and the price elasticity of demand is —1.0.
what will be the state of the market if a minimum price of us$11 is imposed?
a anexcess demand of 10 units
b-anexcess demand of 30 units
c  anexcess supply of 20 units
d  anexcess supply of 30 units

9 the diagram shows the market for meat in equilibrium at x.
the cost of producing meat rises and there is a trend for consumers to change from meat to a
vegan (non-animal) diet.
what is the new market equilibrium?
s;
. s,
price
b ss
» x6 cc
d
ds
d,
d2
oo quantity

10 goods x and y are complements.
what will be the effect on the equilibrium price and quantity of good x of an increase in the supply
of good y?
equilibrium equilibrium
price of x quantity of x
a decrease decrease
b decrease increase
cc increase decrease
d increase increase

11 a private company achieves a producer surplus at the market equilibrium price.
what might reduce the size of the private company’s producer surplus?
a_ private companies choose to prioritise profits over customer needs.
b_ private companies start to pay dividends out of profits.
c_ the government fixes the price of electricity below the market price.
d_ the private company supply curve becomes more elastic.

12 how would an economist establish the market demand curve for a private good?
a by adding consumer surplus to total expenditure
b_ by combining individual demand curves horizontally
c_ bycombining the price elasticity of individual demands
d_ by multiplying price by quantity demanded

13 knowledge of which combination of demand elasticities would be relevant to a firm trying to
increase its revenue?
price elasticity | cross elasticity | income elasticity
of demand of demand of demand
a v jv jv
b jv v x
cc jv x v
d x v v

14 what will definitely stop, following the nationalisation of an industry?
a dividend payments to the industry's shareholders
b_ job losses among the industry’s workforce
c price increases for the industry's product
d the closure of unprofitable factories in the industry

15 the diagram shows the effect of the government introducing a subsidy on a product.
price si
(us$) s.
12 poeeeeetgeee sees
10 }----------<--}
:
0 100 120
quantity
(million units)
what are the effects of the subsidy on government spending and consumer spending?
a increases by us$240 million decreases by us$40 million
b increases by us$240 million decreases by us$200 million
cc increases by us$480 million decreases by us$40 million
d increases by us$480 million decreases by us$200 million

16 inthe diagram, s, and d, are the initial supply and demand curves of a product.
what would be the new supply curve following the removal of an ad valorem tax on the product?
price pp si cc
we p
d,
ie) quantity

17 the table shows sources of government revenue in a fiscal year for an economy.

sale of government assets 100
tax on self employed 1000
carbon tax on goods produced 100
corporate taxes 500
capital gains tax 100
goods and services tax 1000
air passenger tax 100

what is the total amount, in $ billions, of tax revenue raised by indirect taxes?

a 1200 b 1300 cc 1400 d 1600

18 education from 4 to 16 years of age in most developed economies is provided at zero price,

financed from taxation.

why should the government do this?

a in a free market, consumers have imperfect information so do not realise the full
personal benefit of education.

b_ ina free market, education is not considered to be a private good.

c_ ina free market, consumers will be unwilling to pay for education.

d_ ina free market, education is non-rival and non-excludable in consumption so zero
output would be produced.

19 what will cause a movement along an aggregate supply curve?
a_ arise in the demand for exports
b_ arise in the price of raw materials
c_ arise in the productivity of labour
d arise in the rate of sales tax

20 a government devalues its fixed exchange rate.
what is most likely to be its aim?
a toimprove the terms of trade
b_ to increase the level of aggregate demand
c_ to reduce a current account surplus
d_ to reduce demand-pull inflation

21 as part of its trade policy, a government subsidises the cost of machinery used to manufacture
goods for export.
how will this affect the balance of payments?
a decrease the deficit on the capital account
b_ decrease the deficit on the current account
c increase the deficit on the capital account
d increase the deficit on the current account

22 what is correct about the causes of inflation?
a_ cost-push inflation can be caused by a rising exchange rate.
b_cost-push inflation can be caused by lower indirect taxes.
c demand-pull inflation can be caused by a rising exchange rate.
d demand-pull inflation can be caused by lower direct taxes.

23 the figures shown are from new zealand’s balance of payments for 2017 according to data
published by stats nz in september 2018.
nes]
capital account balance 1300
current account balance —7000
financial account balance 7600
goods balance —3000
services balance 5000
what was the value of the balancing item (net errors and omissions) in nz$m?
a -3900 b -2000 cc -1900 d 5700

24 two statements are shown.
1 accountry can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country.
2  acountry can produce a greater quantity of a good for the same quantity of inputs
than another country.
what do these two statements describe?
ee ee
a absolute advantage comparative advantage
b absolute advantage the terms of trade
cc comparative advantage absolute advantage
d the terms of trade comparative advantage

29 |he diagram shows the effect of the introduction of a tariif on good x by country y.
sx domestic
price of x
(us$)
20 a sx worig + tariff
10 1 1 1 i sx wort
l dx domestic
0 80 100 170 200
quantity of x
(millions)
what is the revenue, in us$ million, received by producers of good x in country y after the tariff
is introduced?
a 400 b- 800 cc 1000 d 2000

26 between 2011 and 2013, retailers reported that expenditure on domestically-produced and
imported goods had reduced. this was because consumers did not take out loans as the
economy was in a recession.

what is the likely result of this?

a adeciline in the deficit in the trade account
b_adecline in the level of savings

c_ adecline in the terms of trade

d  adecline in unemployment

27 increased international competition leads to a worsening in a country’s current account balance.
in the absence of any offsetting factors, how is this likely to affect the exchange rate and
domestic cost-push inflation?

exchange rate a ha
inflation

a appreciate decrease
b appreciate increase
cc depreciate decrease
d depreciate increase

28 why are higher interest rates together with increased taxation on expenditure likely to cause
domestic deflation?
a because the contractionary monetary policy will over-ride the expansionary fiscal policy
b_ because the monetary and fiscal policies involved will reinforce each other
c_ because the expansionary monetary policy will over-ride the contractionary fiscal policy
d because the monetary and fiscal policies involved will cancel each other out

29 which policy aimed at correcting a balance of trade deficit is an expenditure-reducing policy?
a depreciation of the currency
b increased direct taxation
c tax incentives for exporters
d_ the imposition of protectionist tariffs

30 which policy will not cause a reduction in the rate of inflation?
a _ increasing income tax
b_ reducing government spending
c_ reducing interest rates
d_ removing subsidies

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