economics

1 the diagram shows a monopolistically competitive firm.
which point represents allocative efficiency?
mc
cost and
revenue
ac
cc
d
a b
) quantity

2 what is an argument against government intervention when there is market failure?
a government intervention could increase positive externalities.
b government intervention could increase the availability of merit goods.
c government intervention could lead to a less efficient outcome.
d government intervention could reduce information failure.

3 a government is choosing between four routes for a new road. the table provides details of the
costs and benefits associated with each route.
the government wants to get the highest return for taxpayers in terms of the social benefit
relative to the private cost.
which route will the government choose?
route ($ million)
private private external
costs benefits | benefits
a 20 25 5
b 25 30 10
cc 20 25 10
d 30 35 10

4 donald maximises his utility when buying paperback books and audio books. the price of a
paperback book = $3 and the price of an audio book = $6.
if the marginal utility of the last paperback book was 12 units of utility (utils), what was the
marginal utility of the last audio book purchased?
a 2utils b 12utils cc 16utils d = 24utils

5 which statement correctly describes the result of a price increase for an inferior good?

a_ both the substitution effect and the income effect cause the consumer to buy less of the
good.

b_ both the substitution effect and the income effect cause the consumer to buy more of the
good.

c_ the substitution effect causes the consumer to buy less of the good and the income effect
causes the consumer to buy more of the good.

d_ the substitution effect causes the consumer to buy more of the good and the income effect
causes the consumer to buy less of the good.

6 which statement about a monopoly is correct?
a_ profit maximisation occurs when average cost equals average revenue.
b_ sales maximisation occurs when marginal cost equals marginal revenue.
c_ sales revenue maximisation occurs when marginal revenue is equal to zero.
d_ satisficing occurs when marginal cost is equal to zero.
et ts yt 9 7

8 the diagram shows the long-run average cost (lrac) curve for a firm, and three short-run

average cost (srac) curves.

cost srac1

$ lrac

srac2 srac3
oo output
which statement is correct?
a when the minimum point of srac3 is lower than the minimum point of srac2 it reflects the
law of variable proportions.

b_ the law of diminishing returns explains why each of the srac curves is u-shaped.
c_ the position of srac2 shows the minimum efficient scale of production.
d_ the rising section of srac1 indicates the existence of diseconomies of scale.

9 what is the most likely reason that barriers to entry might lead to x-inefficiency?
a the firm does not account for any external benefits.
b_ the firm has no incentive to cut its costs of production.
c_ the firm’s price is set higher than its average costs.
d_ the firm’s price is set higher than its marginal costs.

10 the diagram shows the long-run cost and revenue curves for a public sector monopoly.
revenue
and costs ar
lrac
mr lrmc
oo output
the government decides to set a price that maximises social welfare.
what will be the consequence of this decision?
a the firm will experience diseconomies of scale.
b_ the firm will make a loss.
c_ the firm will maximise profits.
d_ the firm will maximise total revenue.

11 the information gives the characteristics for a market structure.

e the two leading brands control 60% of the market.
e other large firms and a few smaller firms exist in the market.
e prices tend to be stable.
e there are significant barriers to entry.

which market structure is this most likely to be?

a monopolistic competition

b monopoly

c oligopoly

d_ perfect competition

12 the diagram shows a firm in imperfect competition. it changed its aim from profit maximising to
sales revenue maximising.
cost, mc
revenue
ac
imr ar
o output
which type of profit was it making in each case?
profit sales revenue
maximising maximising
a normal profit supernormal profit
b subnormal profit normal profit
cc supernormal profit normal profit
d supernormal profit supernormal profit

13 in various countries, the supply of public utilities such as water and electricity have been licensed
by the government to a few private firms.
what should governments do to persuade these profit-seeking private firms not to overcharge
consumers?
a allow private firms to merge to create a monopoly
b_ appoint a regulatory body to guarantee supplies at all times
c_ deregulate nationalised industries to create a free market
d_ enable customers to switch easily from one private firm to another

14 a government intends to use pollution permits to reduce environmental damage.
under what circumstances is this policy most likely to fail to achieve the intended reduction?
a_ firms within the scheme are required to have a sufficient number of permits to cover the
amount of pollution generated in production.
b_ firms improve their technology to reduce the number of permits they require.
c_ firms that do not use all of their permits can sell some of them to other firms.
d_ the permits do not impose strict enough limits on carbon emissions.

15 a government is committed to reducing the gini coefficient.
which policy is most likely to fail to achieve that policy objective?
a adecrease in ad valorem sales tax rates
b amore regressive income tax system
c amore progressive income tax system
d_anincrease in transfer payments to the unemployed

16 which calculation would give the marginal revenue product (mrp) of labour for a firm selling its
product in an imperfectly competitive product market?
a average output produced per worker employed x marginal revenue of the product
b average output produced per worker employed x price of the product
c_ extra product produced by an additional worker x marginal revenue of the product
d_ extra product produced by an additional worker x price of the product

17 the diagrams show the demand for and supply of labour in four markets.
a 2. 3 4
fe

18 which objective would not be suitable for a government if it were seeking sustainable economic
growth?
a achieving the highest growth rate by using all the natural resources
b_ careful management of the use of non-renewable resources
c_ effective protection of the environment, wildlife and landscapes
d_ meeting the needs of both its current and future population

19 what is the difference between a country’s gross domestic product and its gross national
income?
a capital consumption
b_sgross fixed capital formation
cnet property income from abroad
d_ the value of exports less imports

20 some individuals seek to increase their snare of existing wealth without creating new weailtn. [nis
can be a problem in developing economies.
what is an example of this behaviour?
a agovernment official taking a bribe for special treatment for the person offering the bribe
b_aland owner renting a field to a farmer
ca landlord being paid for the hire of a room
d_anentrepreneur earning a reward for setting up a firm that pays low wages

21 what is necessary to include to calculate the number unemployed?
everyone of those of part-time employees

working age who is pension age who seeking full-time
not in employment still want to work employment

a no no no

b no yes yes

cc yes yes no

d yes yes yes

22 the diagram shows changes in the numbers employed in four different industries in a city
between 2015 and 2020.
60 .
employment finance
(000) 50
40 manufacturing
30 education
20 leisure
10
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
what can be concluded from the diagram?
a_ finance was always the largest employer.
b leisure had the fastest growth rate in employment.
c manufacturing was the only industry to show signs of decline.
d_ total employment in the four industries decreased over the period.

23 at the start of the year, the production possibility frontier for an economy is at ppf, and the
economy is at point s. at the end of the year the production possibility frontier is at ppf2 and the
economy is at point t.

which diagram shows that the economy has experienced actual growth but not potential growth?
a b
output y output y
s
t
ppf, = ppf, ppe
o output x oo output x
cc d
output y output y
t
ss
ppf, ppf, = ppf,
ie) output x ie) output x

24 government spending in an economy increases by $4000 whilst at the same time investment
falls by $1500.
. . 1
marginal propensity to save = 70
‘ : 1
marginal propensity to tax = =
' f . 1
marginal propensity to import = =
what will be the increase in national income following these changes?
a $2500 b $6250 c $10000 d $25000

25 which change will allow an increase in an economy's money supply?
a_ an outflow of currency for trade and capital purposes becomes an inflow.
b_ the central bank instructs commercial banks to keep higher ratios of cash to deposits.
c_ the government budget balance moves from a deficit to a surplus.
d_ the government replaces borrowing from the banks with borrowing from the general public.

26 in acountry the initial money supply curve is given by ms, the initial liquidity preference curve by
lp» and the initial rate of interest by ro.
if there is an increase in the precautionary motive for holding money, which diagram shows the
changes that will occur?
a b
rate of lp, ms, ms, rate of lp ms, ms,
interest interest
ro|---------->>s a
ryo ro
oo quantity oo quantity
of money of money
cc d
rate of lp, lp5 ms, rate of lp, lp, ms,
interest interest
| ee |
ripon ro
oo quantity oo quantity
of money of money

27 the uk gives aid to the ugandan government to spend on a school. one condition is that they
must buy the materials from the uk.
which type of aid does not take place?
a bilateral
b~ multilateral
c project
d tied

28 unemployment in an economy increases.
what is a probable consequence?
a aswitch from direct to indirect taxation
b_anincrease in demand-pull inflation
c_anincrease in the balance of trade deficit
d_anincrease in the government budget deficit

29 the government of lesotho introduces a programme to promote exports and to encourage firms
to expand by subsidising local entrepreneurs.
which effect is this likely to have on incomes, the balance of payments current account deficit
and government expenditure in lesotho?
balance of
‘ government
incomes payments current ‘
— expenditure
account deficit
a fall reduce rise
b fall uncertain rise
cc rise reduce no change
d rise uncertain rise

30 a government currently has a balanced budget. it is considering the possible variations in tax
revenue and government expenditure shown.
' government
option tax revenue :
expenditure
ww increase increase
xx increase reduce
y reduce increase
z reduce reduce
which three options are likely to have the potential to move the budget into surplus?
a w,xand y b w,xandz c w,yandz d x,yandz

Solve 9708_s21_qp_31