economics

1. which statement about money is correct?
a deflation reduces the internal purchasing power of money.
b_ most financial assets are more liquid than physical assets.
c when money acts as a medium of exchange, it requires a double coincidence of wants.
d when money acts as a store of value, it must be unlimited in supply.

2 the table shows the amount of direct taxes that different households in the uk paid in
2017-2018.
bottom second middle fourth i
20% of 20% of 20% of 20% of ro eee
households | households | households | households
average 15300 25000 34600 47600 90600
income (£)
ulleach 2000 3500 6000 9500 21 200
paid (£)
which positive economic statement can be made from the table?
a direct tax is unfair on the richer households in the uk.
b direct tax in the uk is a proportional tax.
c_ poorer households do not pay enough direct tax in the uk.
d_ rich households pay more direct tax than poor households in the uk.

3. what does opportunity cost measure?
a the benefits of a good compared with the next choice
b_ the benefits given up by not consuming the next best alternative
c_ the costs of any good not chosen
d the financial costs of consuming a good

4 which term assumes the existence of ‘qualities, knowledge and skills’ that allow an individual to
be more productive?
a enterprise investment
b human capital
c_ mechanisation
d _ specialisation

5 the diagrams relate to the markets for four different products.
in which market would a 10% decrease in demand and simultaneously a 10% increase in supply
definitely result in both a fall in equilibrium price and a rise in equilibrium quantity?
a b
ss
price price
d
d
2) quantity je) quantity
cc d
d
. is) .
price price
ss
d
je) quantity ) quantity

6 the supply of a new drug to relieve muscle pain is very inelastic over a short period of time. the
supply of printed newspapers is much more elastic over the same time period.
what could explain the difference in elasticity of supply of the drug and printed newspapers in this
time period?
| [| newerug | __ inter newspapers
a cost per unit is low cost per unit is high
b discovery is by chance takes longer to produce
c | research and development essential excess capacity in printing
d similar products available similar products unavailable

7 which change would cause the supply curve of sugar-sweetened drinks to shift to the right?
a _afall in the price of sugar
b  aremoval of a subsidy on sugar
c_ anincrease in consumer income
d_anincrease of a specific tax on sugar

8 the demand for tablets increases, while the cost of producing them decreases.
what will be the effect on the price of tablets and on the quantity supplied?
[pice [avant |

a fall uncertain
b rise increase
cc uncertain increase
d uncertain uncertain

9 what is necessary to achieve the best allocation of resources using the price mechanism?
a_ producers can maximise their collective interest.
b consumers and producers must have perfect knowledge.
c the government must be able to apply maximum and minimum prices.
d_ the value of the price elasticity of supply must be greater than one.

10 goods x, y and z all have downward-sloping demand curves and upward-sloping supply curves.
good x is in joint supply with good y and in joint demand with good z.
there is an increase in the demand for good x.
what will happen to the prices and sales of goods y and z?
eice [sas | prce [sales |
a fall fall rise rise
b fall rise rise rise
cc rise fall fall rise
d rise rise fall fall

11 what is meant by consumer surplus?
a itis the amount by which the price consumers are willing to pay exceeds the market price.
b_ it is the difference between the price consumers are willing to pay and the price producers
are willing to supply.
c itis the discount firms offer to the consumers for buying goods in bulk.
d_itis the excess of quantity demanded of a product over its quantity supplied at a given price.

12 what does the assumption ‘ceteris paribus’ mean when economists analyse the way in which the
quantity demanded of a good changes?
a changes in quantity demanded can cause changes in any of the other variables.
b consumer preferences are always assumed to remain unchanged.
c_ only one variable is assumed to change while the others remain the same.
d_ several variables change simultaneously.

13 the diagram shows the demand curve for a normal product.
price ww
x
demand
y
z
o quantity
which two points indicate a move from a price inelastic point to a less price inelastic point?
a wtox b xtow c ytoz d ztoy

14 the diagram shows the effect on the market for rice of a change in government policy that
causes a shift in the supply curve from s; to sp.
price e
s,
j f-------4----- ky
d
oo quantity
what does the area jklm represent?
a_ the cost to the government of a subsidy to rice growers
b_ the extra saving to importers of the removal of a tariff on rice
c the increase in consumer surplus from the introduction of a maximum price for rice
d_ the loss in government revenue from the reduction in a lump sum tax on rice

15 the table shows four categories of government expenditure over two time periods.
eateae period 1 period 2
gory ($000) ($000)
building of new roads 200 350
welfare benefits 600 450
pay of armed forces 500 550
state pensions 1100 1350
by how much had transfer payments changed between periods 1 and 2?
a 0 b +100 c +150 d +300

16 which type of tax used in different countries is a direct tax?
a corporation tax in india that is imposed on the profits of companies
b_ import duties in brazil that are imposed on imported goods
c specific tax in south africa imposed on the purchase of cigarettes
d stamp duty in malaysia that is the tax on the purchase of a residential property

17 a government imposes a maximum price on medical face masks, below the market equilibrium.
what is the most likely effect of this?
a some consumers will be unable to buy face masks at the maximum price.
b_ firms will produce more masks to meet the excess demand at the maximum price.
c_ poorer consumers will be able to obtain all the masks they need at the maximum price.
d_ the market will clear at the maximum price.

18 what is not a producer subsidy?
a agrant given to cover losses in an essential industry, such as the rail industry
b  aguaranteed minimum price paid to farmers to ensure the long run supply of food
c financial assistance given to a pharmaceutical company to develop a new vaccine
d  apayment made to the unemployed to allow them to buy essential goods and services

19 the diagram shows an aggregate demand (ad) curve.
y \
ad
o xx
what is measured on the horizontal (x) axis and the vertical (y) axis?
a money national output | real disposable income
b price level real gdp
cc real gdp price level
d | real disposable income | money national output

20 vvhat could explain an improvement in the terms of trade for a country?
a anincrease in tariffs on imports
b  adecrease in the volume of imports sold
c_anincrease in the prices of exports
d  adecrease in the volume of exports sold

21 what is a correct description of an aggregate gemand (av) curve?

a it is a curve obtained by adding the market demand curves of all consumer goods traded in
an economy.

b_ it is a curve determined by the horizontal summation of all individual consumer demand
curves for a product.

c_ itis a curve that shows the total amount of goods and services firms are willing to buy at a
given price in an economy.

d_ it is a curve that shows the total demand of all goods and services produced at all price
levels in an economy.

22 the data in the table is extracted from the singapore balance of payments for 2019.
ee eee

goods balance +134000
services balance +8000
capital and financial account (net) +95 000
balancing item —3 000

what was the value ($m) of the trade balance on the current account in 2019?

a 126000 b 142000 c 234000 d 237000

23 a household’s income increased by 3%. over the same period, the rate of inflation was also 3%.

which statement is correct?

a_ both the nominal income of the household and the real income of the household increased
by 3%.

b the nominal income of the household remained unchanged while the real income of the
household increased by 3%.

c the nominal income of the household increased by 3% while the real income of the
household remained unchanged.

d the nominal income of the household increased by 3% while the real income of the
household increased by 6%.

24 acountry operates a fixed exchange rate.
there is a major fall of international confidence in its government's economic policies.
what is likely to be the result?
a _afall in its foreign exchange rate
b a fall in its foreign exchange reserves
c arise in its capital inflows
d arise in its terms of trade

25 in 2018, the inflation rate in argentina was over 100%.
which combination correctly identifies the winners and losers during this period?
[winners [es |
a firms selling goods households paying back
abroad loans
b firms unable to decrease firms paying back loans on
real wages fixed monthly repayments
cc individuals with a high amount households that hold most
of debt at a fixed rate of interest of their assets in cash
d workers on fixed the retired on fixed
wage contracts incomes

26 the diagram shows the aggregate demand (ad) and aggregate supply (as) for a country. the
initial equilibrium is at point e.
the sum of the price elasticities of demand for imports and exports for this country exceeds one.
a devaluation of the country’s exchange rate will cause aggregate demand to change.
what will be the new equilibrium?
; as
price
level
a b
e
d cc
ad
ie) real output

27 in 2000, japan was asia’s largest exporter of electrical components, but by 2018 it was ranked
8th.
what might explain this change?
a japan has a lower opportunity cost in electrical component production than its asian

competitors.

b_ japan has experienced greater deflation than its asian competitors.
c_ japan has imposed tariffs on the import of electrical components from its asian competitors.
d_ the japanese yen has appreciated against the currencies of its asian competitors.

28 which measure to correct a balance of payments current account deficit would be classified as
an expenditure-reducing policy?
a areduction in interest rates
b-arevaluation of the currency
c_anincrease in direct taxes
d an introduction of foreign exchange controls

29 the diagram shows the ad/as curves for an economy.
as,
price
level as»
xx y
ad,
ad,
oo real gdp
which government action is most likely to cause the equilibrium position to move from x to y?
a an increase in the exchange rate that makes locally produced goods less price-competitive,
both at home and abroad
ban increase in government spending on infrastructure that increases the production potential
of the economy
c_anincrease in interest rates that increases the cost of borrowing
d_anincrease in real wages of labour

30 a country is suffering from severe deflation.
what is most likely to prevent the deflation from worsening?
a increasing income tax to help reduce the government’s budget deficit
b _ increasing interest rates to encourage more saving
c_ increasing transfer payments to reduce inequality of income
d_revaluing the currency to bring in more revenue from exports

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